• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.8-19
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• 2016

This paper investigates the effects of inlet turbulence conditions and near-wall treatment methods on the heat transfer prediction of gas turbine vanes within the range of engine relevant turbulence conditions. The two near-wall treatment methods, the wall-function and low-Reynolds number method, were combined with the SST and ${\omega}RSM$ turbulence model. Additionally, the RNG $k-{\varepsilon}$, SSG RSM, and $SST_+{\gamma}-Re_{\theta}$ transition model were adopted for the purpose of comparison. All computations were conducted using a commercial CFD code, CFX, considering a three-dimensional, steady, compressible flow. The conjugate heat transfer method was applied to all simulation cases with internally cooled NASA turbine vanes. The CFD results at mid-span were compared with the measured data under different inlet turbulence conditions. In the SST solutions, on the pressure side, both the wall-function and low-Reynolds number method exhibited a reasonable agreement with the measured data. On the suction side, however, both wall-function and low-Reynolds number method failed to predict the variations of heat transfer coefficient and temperature caused by boundary layer flow transition. In the ${\omega}RSM$ results, the wall-function showed reasonable predictions for both the heat transfer coefficient and temperature variations including flow transition onset on suction side, but, low-Reynolds methods did not properly capture the variation of the heat transfer coefficient. The $SST_+{\gamma}-Re_{\theta}$ transition model showed variation of the heat transfer coefficient on the transition regions, but did not capture the proper transition onset location, and was found to be much more sensitive to the inlet turbulence length scale. Overall, the Reynolds stress model and wall function configuration showed the reasonable predictions in presented cases.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.639-646
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• 2014

난류모델에서 벽면처리법이 터빈 노즐 베인의 열전달 예측에 미치는 영향을 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구를 위해 NASA의 C3X 터빈 노즐 베인을 사용하였다. 벽함수 방법, 저레이놀즈수 방법, 천이모델을 사용하여 베인 표면에서의 압력 및 온도를 해석하였다. 해석 결과 터빈 노즐 베인의 중간 압력분포는 각 벽면처리법에 따른 차이 없이 실험값과 잘 일치하였다. 그러나 터빈 노즐 베인의 온도와 열전달 계수는 각 벽면처리법에 따라 큰 차이를 보였다. 전반적으로 저레이놀즈수 방법과 천이모델은 벽함수 방법에 비해 온도 및 열전달 계수 예측에 특별한 이점을 보이지 않았으며, 벽함수 방법을 적용한 레이놀즈응력 난류모델이 터빈 노즐 베인 표면의 온도 및 열전달 계수를 비교적 잘 예측하였다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1265-1265
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• 2001

The organic materials included in excreta of livestock are important resources for organic manure and for improving soil quality, although there is still far from effective using. One reason for this is still unclearly standard of quality for evaluation of manure made from excreta of livestock. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop rapid and accurate analytical method for analyzing organic compositions of manure made from excreta of livestock, and to establish quality evaluation method based on the compositions predicted by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Sixteen samples of manure, each eight samples prepared from two treatments, were used in this study. The manure samples were prepared by mixing 560 kg feces of swine,60 kg sawdust with moisture content was adjusted to be 65%. The mixture was then keep under two kinds of shelter, black and clear sheets, as a treatment on the effect of sunlight. Samples were taken in every week (form week-0 to 7) during the process of manure making. Samples were analyzed to determine neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) by detergent methods, and organic cell wall (OCW) and fibrous content of low digestibility in OCW (Ob) by enzymatic methods. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) was analyzed by coulometric respirometer method. These compositions were carbohydrateds and lignin that were hardly digested. Spectra of samples were scanned by NIR instrument model 6500 (Pacific Scientific) and read over the range of wavelength between 400 and 2500nm. Calibration equations were developed using eight manure samples collected from black sheet shelter, while prediction was conducted to the other eight samples from clear sheet shelter. Accuracy of NTRS prediction was evaluated by correlation coefficients (r), standard error of prediction (SEP) and ration of standard deviation of reference data in prediction sample set to SEP (RPD). The r, SEP and RPD value of forage were 0.99, 0.69 and 7.6 for ADL, 0.96, 1.03 and 4.1 for NDF, 0.98, 0.60 and 4.9 for ADF, 0.92, 1.24 and 2.6 for Ob, and 0.91, 1.02 and 7.3 for BOD, respectively. The results indicated that NIRS could be used to measure the organic composition of forage used in manure samples.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2020

Objective : Despite widespread use of flow diverters (FDs) to treat aneurysms, the exact healing mechanism associated with FDs remains poorly understood. We aim to describe the healing process of aneurysms treated using FDs by demonstrating the histopathologic progression in a canine aneurysm model. Methods : Twenty-one side wall aneurysms were created in common carotid artery of eight dogs and treated with two different FDs. Angiographic follow-ups were done immediately after placement of the device, 4 weeks and 12 weeks. At last follow-up, the aneurysm and the device-implanted parent artery were harvested. Results : Histopathologic findings of aneurysms at 4 weeks follow-up showed intra-aneurysm thrombus formation in laminating fashion, and neointimal thickening at the mid-segment of aneurysm. However, there are inhomogenous findings in aneurysms treated with the same type of FD showing same angiographic outcomes. At 12 weeks, aneurysms of complete and near-complete occlusion revealed markedly shrunken aneurysm filled with organized connective tissues with thin neointima. Aneurysms of incomplete occlusion at 12 weeks showed small amount of organized thrombus around fringe neck and large empty space with thick neointmal formation. Neointimal thickness and diameter stenosis was not significantly different between the groups of FD specification and follow-up period. Conclusion : Intra-aneurysmal thrombus formation and organization seem to be an important factor for the complete occlusion of aneurysms treated using the FD. Neointimal formation could occur along the struts of the FD independently of intra-aneurysmal thrombus formation. However, neointimal formation could not solely lead to complete aneurysm healing.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.175-191
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• 2016

In this work, oil-in-water emulsions (O/W) were prepared successfully by membrane emulsification with $0.5{\mu}m$ pore size membrane. Sunflower oil was emulsified in aqueous Tween80 solution with a simple crossflow apparatus equipped with ceramic tube membrane. In order to increase the shear-stress near the membrane wall, a helical-shaped reducer was installed within the lumen side of the tube membrane. This method allows the reduction of continuous phase flow and the increase of dispersed phase flux, for cost effective production. Results were compared with the conventional cross-flow membrane emulsification method. Monodisperse O/W emulsions were obtained using tubular membrane with droplet size in the range $3.3-4.6{\mu}m$ corresponded to the membrane pore diameter of $0.5{\mu}m$. The final aim of this study is to obtain O/W emulsions by simple membrane emulsification method without reducer and compare the results obtained by membrane equipped with helix shaped reducer. To indicate the results statistical methods, $3^p$ type full factorial experimental designs were evaluated, using software called STATISTICA. For prediction of the flux, droplet size and PDI a mathematical model was set up which can describe well the dependent variables in the studied range, namely the run of the flux and the mean droplet diameter and the effects of operating parameters. The results suggested that polynomial model is adequate for representation of selected responses.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2018

Objective : Surgical clipping of the cerebral aenurysm is considered as a standard therapy with endovascular coil embolization. The surgical clipping is known to be superior to the endovascular coil embolization in terms of recurrent rate. However, a recurrent aneurysm which is initially treated by surgical clipping is difficult to handle. The purpose of this study was to research the management of the recurrent cerebral aneurysm after a surgical clipping and how to overcome them. Methods : From January 1996 to December 2015, medical records and radiologic findings of 14 patients with recurrent aneurysm after surgical clipping were reviewed retrospectively. Detailed case-by-case analysis was performed based on preoperative, postoperative and follow-up radiologic examinations and operative findings. All clinical variables including age, sex, aneurysm size and location, type and number of applied clips, prognosis, and time to recurrence are evaluated. All patients are classified by causes of the recurrence. Possible risk factors that could contribute to those causes and overcoming ways are comprehensively discussed. Results : All recurrent aneurysms after surgical clipping were 14 of 2364 (0.5%). Three cases were males and 11 cases were females. Mean age was 52.3. At first treatment, nine cases were ruptured aneurysms, four cases were unruptured aneurysms, and one case was unknown. Locations of recurrent aneurysm were determined; anterior communicating artery (A-com) (n=7), posterior communicating artery (P-com) (n=3), middle cerebral artery (n=2), anterior cerebral artery (n=1) and basilar artery (n=1). As treatment of the recurrence, 11 cases were treated by surgical clipping and three cases were treated by endovascular coil embolization. Three cases of all 14 cases occurred in a month after the initial treatment. Eleven cases occurred after a longer interval, and three of them occurred after 15 years. By analyzing radiographs and operative findings, several main causes of the recurrent cerebral aneurysm were found. One case was incomplete clipping, five cases were clip slippage, and eight cases were fragility of vessel wall near the clip edge. Conclusion : This study revealed main causes of the recurrent aneurysm and contributing risk factors to be controlled. To manage those risk factors and ultimately prevent the recurrent aneurysm, neurosurgeons have to be careful in the technical aspect during surgery for a complete clipping without a slippage. Even in a perfect surgery, an aneurysm may recur at the clip site due to a hemodynamic change over years. Therefore, all patients must be followed up by imaging for a long period of time.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.126-140
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• 1977

제주도(濟州道)와 남부(南部) 도서지방(島嶼地方)에서 한해(寒害) 및 풍해(風害)에 대한 감귤(柑橘)의 안전재배(安全栽培)와 남부지방(南部地方)에서 비닐하우스 피복(被覆)및 비닐 하우스 피복재배(被覆栽培)를 효율적(效率的)으로 수행(遂行)하기 위하여 온주밀감(溫州蜜柑)의 내한성(耐寒性) 품종(品種)의 선발(選拔), 내한성(耐寒性) 조기검정(早期檢定) 및 내한재배기술(耐寒栽培技術)에 관한 연구(硏究)를 실시한 바 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 적요(摘要)한다. 1. 거치로 피복(被覆)한 비닐하우스에서 월동후(越冬後) 무동해개체(無凍害個體)를 내한성(耐寒性) 조기검정(早期檢定)(leaf freezing test)에 공시(供試)한 결과(結果) $-9^{\circ}C$ 저온(低溫)에 2시간(時間) 처리(處理)하여 건전개체(健全個體) 12, 약간동해개체(若干凍害個體) 15로 나타났다. 2. 비닐하우스에 거치 두겹을 피복(被覆)하고 상면(床面)에 벼짚 멀칭과 낮에 채광(採光)하는 조건에서 기온(氣溫) $-15^{\circ}C$ 내외(內外)(대전지방(大田地方))에서 하우스 내부(內部) 온도(溫度)는 $-3^{\circ}C$, 지온(地溫)은 $0^{\circ}C$ 이상(以上)으로 유지되었다. 3. 하우스내(內) 비닐 터널 설치(設置) 상면(床面) mulching은 모두 유의성있게 보온 효과를 나타냈으나, 외부 기온에 따라 다르며, 하우스내(內) 비닐 터널은 필림의 색(色)에 의한 유의차는 없었다. 4. 하우스 내부(內部)의 수직적 온도(溫度) 분포(分布)는 하우스내(內)의 온도(溫度)가 높을 때는 상부(上部)일수록 온도(溫度)가 약간 높았고 하우스 내(內)의 온도(溫度)가 낮을 때에는 중앙부(中央部) 상면(床面), 상부(床部)의 순서(順序)로 낮았다. 5. 하우스 내부(內部)의 수평적(水平的) 온도(溫度) 분포(分布)는 북면(北面)이 지온(地溫) 및 상면온도(床面溫度)가 낮고 그 밖의 동서남북(東西南北)의 가장자리 부분(部分)은 모두 낮아서 공시목(供試木)이 동해(凍害)를 받았으며 북쪽 벽면(壁面)에서 30cm내(內)의 공시목(供試木)은 동해(凍害)가 심했다. 6. 북면(北面) 바깥쪽 벽면하(壁面下)에 $30{\times}30{\times}30cm$의 짚다발 절록구(絶綠溝)의 설치(設置)는 북면(北面)의 지온(地溫) 및 상면(床面) 온도(溫度) 강하(降下)를 막아서 동해(凍害)를 막는 효과(效果)가 기대(期待)된다. 7. 흐린날, 눈 나린 날은 하우스 내외(內外)의 온도(溫度) 차이(差異)가 적었으나 방열이 적어서 내부(內部) 온도(溫度)는 야간(夜間)에도 비교적 높게 유지되었다. 8. 1일중 최고온도(最高溫度)의 peak는 하우스 내외(內外) 모두 15시(時) 전후(前後)에 있고 최저온도(最低溫度)의 peak는 모두 6시(時) 전후(前後)에 있으며 외부(外部) 온도(溫度)의 최저(最低)에 따라 내부(內部)도 변한다. 맑은 날의 최고온도(最高溫度)는 차(差)가 크고($19^{\circ}C$, 11월하순(月下旬)) 눈오는 날, 흐린 날은 차(差)가 적었으로($9^{\circ}C$, 11월하순(月下旬)) 특히 눈온 날 하우스내(內)의 온도(溫度) 강하(降下)가 적어서 야간(夜間)에 온도곡선(溫度曲線)은 평행(平行)에 가까왔다. 9. 내한성(耐寒性), 반왜성(半矮性)(semi-dwarf type), 단지형(短枝形)(spur type) 우량품종(優量品種)을 효과적(效果的)인 방한(防寒) 피복(被覆) 재배(栽培)의 기술(技術)을 적용(適用)한다면 제주도(濟州島) 및 남부지방(南部地方)에서의 감귤(柑橘)의 안전재배(安全栽培)와 재배(栽培) 면적(面積)의 확대(擴大)가 기대(期待)된다.