• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.153-172
• /
• 2024

Due to the fast development of constructions in recent years, there has been a rapid consumption of fresh water and river sand. In the production of concrete, alternatives such as sea water and sea sand are available. The near surface mounted (NSM) technique is one of the most important methods of strengthening. Aluminum alloy (AA) bars are non-rusting and suitable for usage with sea water and sand concrete (SSC). The goal of this study was to enhance the shear behaviour of SSC-beams strengthened with NSM AA bars. Twenty-four RC beams were cast from fresh water river sand concrete (FRC) and SSC before being tested in four-point flexure. All beams are the same size and have the same internal reinforcement. The major factors are the concrete type (FRC or SSC), the concrete degree (C25 or C50 with compressive strength = 25 and 50 MPa, respectively), the presence of AA bars for strengthening, the direction of AA bar reinforcement (vertical or diagonal), and the AA bar ratio (0, 0.5, 1, 1.25 and 2 %). The beams' failure mechanism, load-displacement response, ultimate capacity, and ductility were investigated. Maximum load and ductility of C25-FRC-specimens with vertical and diagonal AA bar ratios (1%) were 100,174 % and 140, 205.5 % greater, respectively, than a matching control specimen. The ultimate load and ductility of all SSC-beams were 16-28 % and 11.3-87 % greater, respectively, for different AA bar methods than that of FRC-beams. The ultimate load and ductility of C25-SSC-beams vertically strengthened with AA bar ratios were 66.7-172.7 % and 89.6-267.9 % higher than the unstrengthened beam, respectively. When compared to unstrengthened beams, the ultimate load and ductility of C50-SSC-beams vertically reinforced with AA bar ratios rose by 50-120 % and 45.4-336.1 %, respectively. National code proposed formulae were utilized to determine the theoretical load of tested beams and compared to matching experimental results. The predicted theoretical loads were found to be close to the experimental values.

• Metals and materials international
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.1432-1437
• /
• 2018

This work investigated edge-cracking behavior of equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy during hot rolling at rolling temperatures $500{\leq}T_R{\leq}1000^{\circ}C$. Edge cracks did not form in the material rolled at $500^{\circ}C$, but widened and deepened into the inside of plate as $T_R$ increased from $500^{\circ}C$. Edge cracks were most severe in the material rolled at $1000^{\circ}C$. Mn-Cr-O type non-metallic inclusion and oxidation were identified as major factors that caused edge cracking. The inclusions near edge region acted as preferential sites for crack formation. Connection between inclusion cracks and surface cracks induced edge cracking. Rolling at $T_R{\geq}600^{\circ}C$ generated distinct inclusion cracks whereas they were not serious at $T_R=500^{\circ}C$, so noticeable edge cracks formed at $T_R{\geq}600^{\circ}C$. At $T_R=1000^{\circ}C$, significant oxidation occurred at the crack surface. This accelerated edge crack penetration by embrittling the crack tip, so severe edge cracking occurred at $T_R=1000^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
• /
• v.26 no.A
• /
• pp.69-73
• /
• 2006

Mach peening treatment is one of the various kinds of techniques to improve the fatigue properties. The mach peening process gives high-level work hardening and compressive residual stress near the surface layer, improving the fatigue strength. In addition, this treatment reduces slip bands that initiate the fatigue cracks near the surface. During impingement, a plastic indentation surrounded by a plastic zone is formed. Mach peening treatment characteristic is less energy consumption and is an environmental friendly processing methods that is not accompanied by pollution. It is machining process that can prevent fatigue fracture beforehand in structure using already as well as process of production. The test results showed that fatigue crack propagation delay appeared by drilling type 43%, mach peening type 110%.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
• /
• v.55 no.5
• /
• pp.273-283
• /
• 2022

Al6061 aluminum alloy specimens were exposed to atmospheric conditions for maximum 24 months. 24-month exposure specimen showed some more frequent and larger size of corrosion products and pitting on the surface compared with the 12-month exposure specimens. The XRD examination revealed the dominant surface oxide phases of Al₂O₃ and Al(OH)₃. The oxide thickness at uniform oxidation (or non-pitting) region was not much changed over exposure time. The 1.2 ㎛ deep oxygen penetration area was found in the 12-months exposed specimen near the thin uniform aluminum oxide film. The line-EDS was conducted through the penetration regions and non-penetrated grain boundary. There were signs of O and Si concentration through the penetration region, whereas non-penetration region showed no concentration of O or Si. It was confirmed that pitting is a more severe degradation mode in Al6061 (max. >4 ㎛ deep) compared with the uniform oxidation (max. ~200 nm deep) up to 24-months exposure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2000.11a
• /
• pp.507-512
• /
• 2000

The ob.jective of this study is to determine fracture behaviors(penetrati0n modes) and resistance to penetration duringballistic impact of Al 5052-H34 alloy laminates and anodized Al 5052-H34 alloy laminates. Resistance to penetration is determined by $V_{50}$ ballistic limit, a statical velocity with 50% probability for complete penetration, test method. Fracture behaviors and ballistic tolerance, described by penetration modes, are respectfully observed that result from V50 test and Projectile Through Plates (PTP) test at velocities greater than $V_{50}$. PTP tests were conducted with 0" obliquity at room temperature using 5.56mm ball projectile. $V_{50}$ tests with 0" obliquity at room temperature were conducted with projectiles that were able to achieve near or complete penetration during PTP tests. Surface Hardness, resistance to penetration, and penetration modes of A1 5052-H34 alloy laminates compared to those of anodized Al 5052-H34 alloy laminates.y laminates.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.125-137
• /
• 1989

To check technical improvement in the soundness and strength of 12% Cr steel rotor, a 25 tons of rotor with 65 tons of ingot was made in real size and was cut to pieces to take test samples, and the various mechanical tests such as impact, tensile, creep, and fatigue were carried out. The strengths are compared with those of 1% Cr-Mo-V rotor of same size. Microstructures of the samples are examined and reviewed. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) Fracture appearance transition temperatures are 80.deg. C at the center part and 60.deg. C near surface of 12% Cr rotor, and 8.deg. C near surface of 1% Cr-Mo-V rotor. 2) Comparative rapid softening occurs at higher temperatures above 600.deg. C for 12% Cr steel and 550.deg. C for 1% Cr-Mo-V steel in tension tests. 3) Fatigue crack propagation rate of 12% Cr steel is almost same as that of 1% Cr-Mo-V steel at the same corresponding surface part of the rotors. The crack growth rate of center part of 12% Cr rotor is faster than near surface part of the rotor, and the crack growth rate at the load condition of R=0.04 is slower than that of the load condition of R=0.5 for both 12% Cr steel and 1% Cr-Mo-V steel. 4) Crack growth rate of radial direction near surface of 12% Cr rotor is faster than that of transverse direction at the same part because of the difference in residual stresses. 5) Both creep and fatigue strengths of 12% Cr steel are superior to those of 1% Cr-Mo-V steel and the difference is thought the effect of climb and glide controlled creep by solid solution of alloying elements and dispersion of carbides.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.625-625
• /
• 1989

To check technical improvement in the soundness and strength of 12% Cr steel rotor, a 25 tons of rotor with 65 tons of ingot was made in real size and was cut to pieces to take test samples, and the various mechanical tests such as impact, tensile, creep, and fatigue were carried out. The strengths are compared with those of 1% Cr-Mo-V rotor of same size. Microstructures of the samples are examined and reviewed. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) Fracture appearance transition temperatures are 80.deg. C at the center part and 60.deg. C near surface of 12% Cr rotor, and 8.deg. C near surface of 1% Cr-Mo-V rotor. 2) Comparative rapid softening occurs at higher temperatures above 600.deg. C for 12% Cr steel and 550.deg. C for 1% Cr-Mo-V steel in tension tests. 3) Fatigue crack propagation rate of 12% Cr steel is almost same as that of 1% Cr-Mo-V steel at the same corresponding surface part of the rotors. The crack growth rate of center part of 12% Cr rotor is faster than near surface part of the rotor, and the crack growth rate at the load condition of R=0.04 is slower than that of the load condition of R=0.5 for both 12% Cr steel and 1% Cr-Mo-V steel. 4) Crack growth rate of radial direction near surface of 12% Cr rotor is faster than that of transverse direction at the same part because of the difference in residual stresses. 5) Both creep and fatigue strengths of 12% Cr steel are superior to those of 1% Cr-Mo-V steel and the difference is thought the effect of climb and glide controlled creep by solid solution of alloying elements and dispersion of carbides.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2007.11a
• /
• pp.61-62
• /
• 2007

HVOF thermal spray coating of micron size Co-alloy powder has been studied for the durability improvement of high velocity spindle (HVS). Optimal coating process of this system for the best surface properties is hydrogen flow rate 75 FMR, oxygen flow rate 38-42 FMR, feed rate 30 g/min at spray distance 5 inch. Friction coefficient (FC) and wear trace (WT) decrease increasing coating surface temperature from 25$^{\circ}$C to 538$^{\circ}$C due to the higher lubricant effects of the oxides at the higher temperature. At the study of adhesion of T800 coating on a light metal alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) tensile bond strength (TBS) and tensile fracture location (TFL) of Ti64/T800 are 8,740 psi and near middle of T800 coating respectively. This shows that adhesion of Ti64/T800 is higher than the cohesion strength (8,740 psi) of T800 coating. Therefore T800 coating is strongly advisable for the surface coating on HVS such as high speed air-bearing spindle.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.86-94
• /
• 2000

This study was performed to investigate types and formation mechanism of cracks in two Al alloy welds, A5083 and A7N01 spot-welded by pulse Nd : YAG laser, using SEM, EPMA and Micro-XRD. In the weld zone, three types of crack were observed : center line crack({TEX}$C_{C}${/TEX}), diagonal crack({TEX}$C_{D}${/TEX}), and U shape crack({TEX}$C_{U}${/TEX}). Also, HAZ crack({TEX}$C_{H}${/TEX}) was observed in the HAZ region, furthermore, mixing crack({TEX}$C_{M}${/TEX}) consisting of diagonal crack and HAZ crack was observed. White film was formed at th hot crack region in the fractured surface after it was immersed to 10% NaOH water. In the case of A5083 alloy, white films in {TEX}$C_{C}${/TEX} crack and {TEX}$C_{D}${/TEX} crack region were composed of low melting phases, {TEX}$Fe_{2}SiAl_{8}${/TEX} and eutectic phases, $Mg_2$Al$_3$ and $Mg_2$Si. Such films observed $CuAl_2$, {TEX}$Mg_{32}(Al,Zn)_{3}${/TEX}, MgZn$_2$, $Al_2$CuMg and $Mg_2$Si were observed in the whitely etched films near {TEX}$C_{C}${/TEX} crack and {TEX}$C_{D}${/TEX} crack regions. The formation of liquid films was due to the segregation of Mg, Si, Fe in the case of A5083 alloy and Zn, Mg, Cu, Sim in the case of A7N01 alloy, respectively. The {TEX}$C_{C}${/TEX} and {TEX}$C_{D}${/TEX} cracks were regarded as a result of the occurrence of tensile strain during the welding process. The formation of {TEX}$C_{M}${/TEX} crack is likely to be due to the presence of liquid film at the grain boundary near the fusion line in the base metal as well as in the weld fusion zone during solidification. The {TEX}$C_{U}${/TEX} crack is considered a result of the collapsed keyhole through incomplete closure during rapid solidification.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.256-261
• /
• 2010

Physical properties of Plasma electrolytic oxidized 8 different types of Al alloys, A-1100, A-2024, A-5052, A-6061, A-6063, A-7075, ACD-7B and ACD-12 were investigated. The electrolyte for PEO was $Na_2SiO_3$ solutions with NaOH and some alkali earthen metal salts. Porous layer near the surface of PEO coating was not found, and surface roughness Ra50 was below 2.5 ${\mu}m$. Surface roughness was affected by growth rate of plasma electrolytic oxidized layer, not by Si content in Al alloy.