• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1998 no.11
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• pp.315-316
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is a potentiality examination of an infrared camera system for the 3D navigator which can be used in the field of neurosurgery. Nowadays, CAS(computer aided surgery) technique using 3D navigator is rapidly spread into the neurosurgeric operation such as brain and spine surgery. Several techniques which can detect 3D position of a probe have been proposed. These include mechnical arm, magnetic field, optical and ultrasonic sensing methods. In this study, we decided that using optical sensing method and tested a conventional CCD camera with a infrared filter and LEDs. Pulnix TM-300 camra has sufficient spectral response in the range of near infrared. Acquired image of infrared LEDs also sufficient quality.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.165-169
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• 2012

We observed an area of 10 $deg^2$ of the Large Magellanic Cloud using the Infrared Camera (IRC) onboard AKARI. The observations were carried out using five imaging filters (3, 7, 11, 15, and $24{\mu}m$) and the prism disperser ($2-5{\mu}m$, ${\lambda}/{\Delta}{\lambda}{\sim}20$) equipped in the IRC. This paper presents an outline of the survey project and also describes very briefly the newly compiled near- to mid-infrared point source catalog. The $10{\sigma}$ limiting magnitudes are 17.9, 13.8, 12.4, 9.9, and 8.6 mag at 3.2, 7, 11, 15 and $24{\mu}m$, respectively. The photometric accuracy is estimated to be about 0.1 mag at $3.2{\mu}m$ and 0.06 - 0.07 mag in the other bands. The position accuracy is 0.3" at 3.2, 7 and $11{\mu}m$ and 1.0" at 15 and $24{\mu}m$. The sensitivities at 3.2, 7, and $24{\mu}m$ are roughly comparable to those of the Spitzer SAGE LMC point source catalog, while the AKARI catalog provides the data at 11 and $15{\mu}m$, covering the near- to mid-infrared spectral range continuously.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1614-1614
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• 2001

The sweetness (。Bix) of fruit is the main quality factor contributing to the fruit taste. The brix of the apple fruit can be measured non-destructively by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, allowing the sweetness grading of individual apple fruit. However, the fruit quality is influenced by various factors such as growing location, producing year, variety and harvest time etc., accordingly the robust NIR calibration is required. In this experimental results are presented the influence of two variations such as growing location and producing year of apple fruit in establishing of calibrations for sweetness, and developed a stable and highly accurate calibration. Apple fruit (Fuji) was collected every year from 1995 to 1997 in 3 different growing locations (Andong, Youngchun and Chungsong) of Kyungpook in Korea. NIR reflectance spectra of apple fruit were scanned in wavelength range of 1100∼2500nm using an InfraAlyzer 500C (Bran+Luebbe) with halogen lamp and PbS detector. The multiple linear regression and stepwise was carried out between the NIR raw spectra and the brix measured by refractometer to select the best regression equations. The calibration models by each growing district were well predicted to dependent sample set, but poorly predicted to independent sample set. Combined calibration model using data of three growing districts predicted reasonable well to a population set drawn from all growing districts(SEP = 0.69%, Bias=-0.075). The calibration models by each harvest year were not transferable across harvest year, however a combined calibration model using data of three harvest years was sufficiently robust to predict each sample sets(SEP = 0.53%, Bias = 0.004).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1157-1157
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• 2001

Yeast, Kurtzurnanomyces sp. I-11, produces biosurfactant, mannosyl erythritol lipid (MEL), from soya oil. The properties of biosurfactant MEL include low-toxicity and high biodegradability. MEL provides new possibilities for a wide range of industrial applications, especially food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical fields and chemicals for biotechnology. In the fermentation process, techniques of measuring and controlling substrates and products are important to obtain high productivity with optimum concentrations of substrate and product in the culture broth. The measurement system for the concentrations of soya oil and MEL in the fermentation process was developed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Soya oil and MEL in the culture broth were extracted with ethyl acetate and NIR spectra was carried out between the second derivative NIR spectral data at 1312 and 2040 nm and MEL concentrations obtained using a thin-layer chromatography with a flame-ionization detector (TLC/FID) method. A calibration equation for soya oil was results of the validation of the calibration equation, good agreement was observed between the results of the TLD/FID method and those of the NIRS method for both constituents. NIR method was applied to the measurement of the concentrations of MEL and soya oil in the practical fermentation and good results were obtained. The study indicates that NIRS is a useful method for measurement of the substrate and product in the glycolipid fermentation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.3112-3112
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• 2001

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) was investigated aiming at the identification of falsified drugs. The identification is based on comparison of the NIR spectrum of a sample with a typical spectra of an authentic drug using multivariate modelling and classification algorithms (PCA/SIMCA). Two spectrophotometers (Brimrose - Luminar 2000 and 2030), based on acoustic-optical filter (AOTF) technology, sharing the same controlling computer, software (Brimrose - Snap 2.03) and the data acquisition electronics, were employed. The Luminar 2000 scans the range 850 1800 nm and was employed for transmitance/absorbance measurements of liquids with a transflectance optical bundle probe with total optical path of 5 mm and a circular area of 0.5 $\textrm{cm}^2$. Model 2030 scans the rage 1100 2400 nm and was employed for reflectance measurement of solids drugs. 300 spectra, acquired in about 20 s, were averaged for each sample. Chemometric treatment of the spectral data, modelling and classification were performed by using the Unscrambler 7.5 software (CAMO Norway). This package provides the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and SIMCA algorithms, used for modelling and classification, respectively. Initially, NIRS was evaluated for spectrum acquisition of various drugs, selected in order to accomplish the diversity of physico-chemical characteristics found among commercial products. Parameters which could affect the spectra of a given drug (especially if presented as solid tablets) were investigated and the results showed that the first derivative can minimize spectral changes associated with tablet geometry, physical differences in their faces and position in relation to the probe beam. The effect of ambient humidity and temperature were also investigated. The first factor needs to be controlled for model construction because the ambient humidity can cause spectral alterations that should cause the wrong classification of a real drug if the factor is not considered by the model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1248-1248
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• 2001

Mastitis is a major problem for the global dairy industry and causes substantial economic losses from decreasing milk production and considerable compositional changes in milk, reducing milk quality. The potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the region from 1100 to 2500nm and chemometric method for classification to detect milk from mastitic cows was investigated. A total of 189 milk samples from 7 Holstein cows were collected for 27 days, consecutively, and analyzed for somatic cells (SCC). Three of the cows were healthy, and the rest had mastitis periods during the experiment. NIR transflectance milk spectra were obtained by the InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer in the spectral range from 1100 to 2500nm. All samples were divided into calibration set and test set. Class variable was assigned for each sample as follow: healthy (class 1) and mastitic (class 2), based on milk SCC content. The classification of the samples was performed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and different spectral data pretreatment. Two concentration of SCC - 200 000 cells/ml and 300 000 cells/ml, respectively, were used as thresholds fer separation of healthy and mastitis cows. The best detection accuracy was found for models, obtained using 200 000 cells/ml as threshold and smoothed absorbance data - 98.41% from samples in the calibration set and 87.30% from the samples in the independent test set were correctly classified. SIMCA results for classes, based on 300 000 cells/ml threshold, showed a little lower accuracy of classification. The analysis of changes in the loading of first PC factor for group of healthy milk and group of mastitic milk showed, that separation between classes was indirect and based on influence of mastitis on the milk components. The accuracy of mastitis detection by SIMCA method, based on NIR spectra of milk would allow health screening of cows and differentiation between healthy and mastitic milk samples. Having SIMCA models, mastitis detection would be possible by using only DIR spectra of milk, without any other analyses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.4104-4104
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• 2001

Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is a recognized indicator of cow health and milk quality. The potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the region from 1100 to 2500nm to measure SCC content of cow milk was investigated. A total of 196 milk samples from 7 Holstein cows were collected for 28 days, consecutively, and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and SCC. Three of the cows were healthy, and the rest had mastitis periods during the experiment. NIR transflectance milk spectra were obtained by the InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer in a wavelength range from 1100 to 2500 nm. The calibration for logSCC was performed using partial least square (PLS) regression and different spectral data pretreatment. The best accuracy of determination was found for equation, obtained using smoothed absorbance data and 10 PLS factors. The standard error of calibration was 0.361, calibration coefficient of multiple correlation 0.868, standard error of prediction for independent validation set of samples 0.382, correlation coefficient 0.854 and the variation coefficient 7.63%. The accuracy of logSCC determination by NIR spectroscopy would allow health screening of cows, and differentiation between healthy and mastitic milk samples. When the spectral information was studied it has been found that SCC determination by NIR milk spectra was indirect and based on the related changes in milk composition. In the case of mastitis, when the disease occurred, the most significant factors that simultaneously influenced milk spectra were alteration of milk proteins and changes in ionic concentration of milk.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1259-1259
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• 2001

Meat becomes brown and rancid during storage in the refrigerator and display in the case. Color changes, metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation are the important problems in the transportation / distribution of meat and retail display. The freshness of meat is determined by the sense of vision and smell. Since conventional method determining lipid oxidation is time consuming and destructive (it needs to homogenize meat with reagents, filtrate, time for reaction and read optical density using spectroscopy), more rapid and nondestructive technical tools are desired. The objective of this work was to evaluate near-infrared spectroscopy as an analytical tool for determining meat color, metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation. in beef, pork and chicken. Semitendinosus and longissimus thoracis muscles from six beef steers, biceps femoris and longissimus thoracis muscles from twelve LWD crossbred pigs, and superficial pectoral muscles from twenty-four broilers were used. About a 5-cm diameter and 1-cm thick sample (20.0g) was cut from the muscle and placed on plastic foam, over-wrapped with PVC film, and displayed under flourescent lights at 4 degrees C. during 10 days for beef and pork or 4 days for chicken. The spectra was measured by NIR systems Model 5500 Spectrophotometer using fiber optic scan at range of 400 - 1100 nm. Data were recorded at 2 nm intervals and 10 scans / 10 sec were averaged for every sample. Data obtained were saved as log 1/Re, where Re is the reflectance energy, and then mathematically transformed to second derivatives to reduce effects of differences in particle size. $L^{*}$, $a^{*}$ and $b^{*}$, and metmyoglobin formation were determined by conventional spectrophotometer using the integrating sphere unit. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured for lipid oxidation. A multiple linear regression was used to find the equation which would best fit the data. The number of wavelengths used in the equation was selected based on the fewer number compared to the increasing multiple correlation and Decreasing standard error. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1624-1624
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• 2001

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to investigate the possibility for application in identification of apple cultivars. Three apple cultivars ‘Kamhong, Hwahong, and Fuji’ produced in Korea were scanned over the range of 1100-2500nm using NIRS (Infra Alzer 500). Two types of samples were used for scanning; one was apple with skin and the other was apple without skin. For cultivar identification, the NIR absorbance spectrums were analyzed by qualitative calibration in “Sesame” analysis program, and the various influence properties such as sugar contents, acidity, color, firmness, and micro-structure were compared in scanned samples. The ‘Kamhong’ cultivar could be identified from ‘Hwahong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars using the cluster model analysis. The test samples in calibration between ‘Kamhong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars could be completely identified. The test samples in calibration between ‘Kamhong’ and ‘Hwahong’ cultivars could be identified most of all. But, ‘Hwahong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars could not be quite classified each other. The apple skin influenced the identification process of apple cultivars. The samples without skin were more difficult to classify in calibration than the samples with skin. The physicochemical properties of apple cultivars showed like the result of identification in calibration using NIRS. Some physicochemical properties of ‘Kamhong’ cultivar were different from those of the other cultivars. Those of ‘Hwahong’ and ‘Fuji’ cultivars showed. similar to each other. The sucrose contents of ‘Kamhong’ cultivar were higher and the fructose contents and firmness of skin and flesh were lower than those of the others. The hypodermis layer of skin in ‘Kamhong’ cultivar was thinner than those of the others. In this studies, the identification of all apple cultivars by NIRS was not quite accurate because of the physicochemical properties which were different in the same cultivar, and inconsistent patterns by culivars in some properties. To solve these problems in NIRS application for apple cultivar identification, further study should be focused on the use of peculiar properties among the apple cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1999

Red pepper powder (Capsicum annum L.) is an important seasoning as a kimchi ingredient in korea and most korean consumer tend to eat the korean red pepper powder as the better than other oriental country such as China. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied for discrimination according to geographical origin (Korea, China) of red pepper powder. The objective of this study is to determine if NIR technique could be used to discriminate between the korean red pepper powder and non-korean red pepper powder according to seed content and maxing ratio in red pepper powder by using the new method. Rapid, precise and nondestructive analysis method for determination of the geographical origin of red pepper powder by near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics were performed. It has been observed discriminant analysis with PLS is adequate to determinate the geographical origin of red pepper powder. It tend to difficult the discrimination of geographical origin according to increase the seed content of red pepper powder. The accuracy of discrimination in mixed red pepper powder was range from 95.2% to 100%.