• Near Infrared Analysis
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.55-58
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• 2001

The object of this work was to investigate the influence of growing district and harvest year on calibration for sweetness (Brix) determination of Fuji apple fruit using near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, and to develop the robust calibration across these variation. The calibration models was based on wavelength range of 1100∼2500 nm using a stepwise multiple linear regression. A calibration model by sample set of one growing district was not transferable to other growing districts. The combined calibration (data of three growing districts) predicted reasonable well against a population set drawn from all growing districts (SEP=0.69, Bias=0.075). A calibration model by sample set of one harvest year was not also transferable to other harvest years. The combined calibration (data of three harvest years) predicted well against a population set drawn from all harvest years (SEP=0.53, Bias=0.004).

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the basic relationships between spectral reflectance and varying concentrations of sediment in surface waters. An experimental method for determining suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the water by use of a spectroradiometer above the water surface, in visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, is applied. The main advantage of the method is the direct comparison of spectral reflectance and the SSC, but it requires an accurate knowledge of the water body and sediment. Therefore numerous spectroradiometric measurements are carried out in situ measurements, for SSC, ranging from zero to 100 percentage and two types of sediment applied in the water tank. The results indicate that the suspended sediment causes increasing spectral reflectance response in waters. We observed that spectral reflectance increases with SSC, first at the lower wavelengths (430-480 nm), then in the middle wavelengths (570-700 nm), and finally, in the NIR domain (800-820 nm); a characteristic maximum reflectance appears at 400-670 nm. Relationships between the wavelength, integral value, and the SSC were evaluated on the basis of the regression analysis. The regression curve for the relation between the wavelength, integral value, and the SSC were determined ($R^2$>0.98). Finally, the specular wavelength can be estimated to recognize the sediment and to improve SC estimation accuracy in the water.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.3111-3111
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• 2001

The implementation of NIR and chemometrics in the Pharmaceutical industries is still in strong progress, both regarding qualitative and quantitative applications and beneficial results are seen. Looking at the development so far, NIR will change the pharmaceutical industry even more in the future. This presentation will address the experiences and progress achieved regarding the application and implementation of quantitative methods for determination of content uniformity and assay of tablets with less than 10% w/w of active, using Near Infrared transmittance spectroscopy in combination with PLS. Also qualitative methods for identification of the same tablets by Near Infrared reflectance spectroscopy will be discussed. Four commercial tablet strengths are formulated and produced from two different compositions by direct compression. Three different strengths are dose proportional, i.e. fixed concentration by varying in size. The aim was to replace the conventional primary methods for analysing content uniformity, assay and identification by NIR. Studies were performed on comparing transmittance versus reflectance spectroscopy for both applications on the dose proportional tablets. The model for determination of content uniformity and assay was developed to cover both coated and uncoated tablets, whereas the qualitative model was developed to identify coated tablets only. The impact of the tablet formulation, tablet size and coating, resulted in individual models far each composition The best calibration was achieved using diffuse reflectance for the identification purposes and diffuse transmittance for the quantitative determination of the active content within the tablets. As NIR in combination with other techniques opens up the possibility of total quality management within the production, the transfer of the above-mentioned models from a laboratory based approach to an at-line approach at H.Lundbeck will be addressed too.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.458-462
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• 2005

The water content of skin was determined using a FT near infrared (NIR) spectrometer. NIR diffuse reflectance spectra were collected from hairless mouse, in vitro, and from human inner arm, in vivo. It was found that the variation of NIR absorbance band 1450 nm from OH vibration of water and 1940 nm from the combination involving OH stretching and OH deformation, depending on the absolute water content of separated hairless mouse skin, in vitro, using the FT NIR spectrometer. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to develop a calibration model. The PLS model showed good correlation. For practical use of the evaluation of human skin moisture, the PLS model for human skin moisture was developed in vivo on the basis of the relative water content of stratum corneum from the conventional capacitance method. The PLS model predicted human skin moisture with a standard errors of prediction (SEP) of 3.98 at 1130-1830 nm range. These studies showed the possibility of a rapid and nondestructive skin moisture measurement using FT NIR spectrometer.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.198-207
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• 1996

To measure the moisture content, protein and viscosity of brown and milled rice with Near Infrared Reflectance(NIR) analyzer, the comparison and analysis of the data from the chemical analysis and NIR analyzer were conducted. The purpose of this study is to find out the fundamental data required for the prediction of rice qualify and taste rank, and to develop a measuring method of constituents and physical characteristics of domestic rice with NIR analyzer. The important results can be summarized as follows. 1. The $r^2$ and SEC of moisture calibration from brown rice powder were 0.87 and 0.09 respectively, those of milled rice powder were 0.95 and 0.08 respectively. 2. The $r^2$ and SEC of protein calibration from brown rice powder were 0.83 and 0.20 respectively, those of milled rice powder were 0.86 and 0.20 respectively. 3. The $r^2$ and SEC of viscosity calibration from brown rice powder were 0.36 and 15.50 respectively, those of milled rice powder were 0.55 and 12.98 respectively. Further study is required to develop better prediction model for viscosity. It is necessary the continuous study including wavelength selection, because $r^2$ is small for practical use. 4. The regression equation for one rice variety was nearly coincident with other. Therefore, it is required that the prediction model should be developed for the all rice samples.

• Near Infrared Analysis
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.41-44
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• 2000

The objectives of this study are to discriminate the geographical origin and cultivation years of ginseng based on the near-infrared(NIR) reflectance spectroscopic analysis. Korea and China ginseng samples were prepared for discrimination of geographical origin. 4, 5 and 6 years-old ginseng samples from Korea were prepared for discrimination of cultivation years. Used spectrometer were InfraAlyzer 500, InfraAlyzer 400 and Fiber optic. Sample type of ginseng was 3, whole ginseng radix, slide section and powder type. The accuracy was affected by sample types and instruments. The accuracy for discrimination geographical origin was 97% in calibration model using IA 500 and ginseng powder. For discrimination of cultivation years, the model with slide selection using IA500 were relative accurate. The accuracy was 96.7% for 4-year, 91.3% for 5-year and 89.3% for 6-year old ginseng. The study shows that NIR spectroscopic analysis can be used to discriminate the geographical origin and cultivation years of ginseng with acceptable accuracy.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1998년도 하계 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.171-177
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• 1998

The part Ⅰ was for developing regression models to predict the moisture content, protein content and viscosity of brown and milled rice using Near Unfrared (NIR) Reflectance analyzer. The purpose of this study(part Ⅱ) is to measure fundamental data required for the prediction of rice quality , and to develop regression models to predict the protein content of brown and milled rice, brown rice yield from undreid paddy powder by using Near Infrared (NIR) Reflectance analyzer. The results of this study were summarized as follows . The predicted values of protein contents obtained from the undried paddy powder were will correlated to the measured values from brown and milled rice. The predicted yields of brown rice from undried paddy powder were not well correlated to be lab measured values from dried paddy. Continuous study in wavelength selection and of constituent relationship is necessary for practical application.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2010

Kjeldahl method used in many materials from various plant parts to determine protein contents, is laborious and time-consuming and utilizes hazardous chemicals. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, a rapid and environmentally benign technique, was investigated as a potential method for the prediction of protein content. Near-infrared reflectance spectra(1100-2400 nm) of coarse cereal grains(n=100 for each germplasm) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer as both of grain itself and flour ground, and total protein contents determined according to Kjeldahl method. Using multivariate analysis, a modified partial least-squares model was developed for prediction of protein contents. The model had a multiple coefficient of determination of 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99 for foxtail millet, sorghum, millet, adzuki bean and mung bean germplasm, respectively. The model was tested with independent validation samples (n=10 for each germplasm). All samples were predicted with the coefficient of determination of 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.91 and 0.99 for foxtail millet, sorghum, millet, adzuki bean and mung bean germplasm, respectively. The results indicate that NIR reflectance spectroscopy is an accurate and efficient tool for determining protein content of diverse coarse cereal germplasm for nutrition labeling of nutritional value. On the other hands appropriate condition of cereal material to predict protein using NIR was flour condition of grains.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1258-1258
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• 2001

Estimation of sugar and reducing sugar content in molasses is very important task in sugar refineries. Conventional methods of determination of sugar content in molasses samples are highly time consuming and employ hazardous chemicals. Due to the physical properties of molasses, probability of error in conventional analytical techniques is high. These methods have proven to be inefficient for a process control in any sugar industry. Hence development of a rapid, inexpensive, physical and also accurate method for sugar determination in molasses will be highly useful. Near Infrared spectroscopy is being widely used worldwide as an analytical technique in food industry. The technique offers the advantage of being non-destructive and rapid. The present paper highlights the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a rapid and automated analytical technique for determination of sugar and reducing sugar content in molasses. A number of molasses samples were collected during and after the sugar season from Havana Sugar Industry, Havana. The samples were chosen so as to obtain a wide range of concentration of sugar and reducing sugars. This was done in order to achieve a good calibration curve with widely spread data points. These samples were scanned in the region of 1100 - 2500 nm in diffuse reflectance mode. An indigenous ELICO NIR spectrophotometer, modified according to the requirements of sugar industry was used for this purpose. Each sample was also analyzed simultaneously by standard chemical methods. Chemical values were taken as reference for near infrared analysis. In order to obtain the most accurate calibration for the set of samples, various mathematical treatments were employed. Partial Least Square method was found to be most suitable for the analysis. A comparison is made between the actual values (chemical values) and the predicted values (NIR values). The actual values agree very well with the predicted values showing the accuracy of the technique. The validity of the technique is checked by predicting the concentration of sugar in unknown molasses samples using the calibration curve. The present investigation assesses the feasibility of the technique for on-line monitoring of sugars present in molasses in sugar industries.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.400.2-400.2
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• 2002

Near-infrared(NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was employed to qualify various ploymorphs. We collected 8 potential polymorphs forms of Medicine T for this study. Near-infared spectra of the powder samples contained in glass vials were obtained over the wavelength region of 1100-1750nm. There were the peak around 1560nm in the 6 spectra among 8 spectra. Principal component analysis(PCA) has been performed to examine the qualitative difference of 8 polymorphs PC space. (omitted)