• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2007

The effects of olive oil on the quality characteristics of pressed ham were investigated. Five different treatments were carried out varying the amount of olive oil added to pressed ham. for the control, 10% back fat among the total ham components was added without any olive oil. For the first treatment, 5% olive oil within the lard component was added into the pressed ham. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th treatments included 10%, 15% and 20% olive oil, respectively. Manufactured pressed hams containing olive oil were vacuum packaged and then stored for 28 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The crude protein and crude fat were not significantly different between the control and olive oil treated hams. The moisture and crude ash contents of olive oil treated hams was significantly lower than that of the control(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in pH between the control and olive oil treated hams. The pH increased during the first 7 days of storage and then decreased somewhat for the remainder of the 28 day storage period for all treatments. The meat color $b^*$ value of olive oil treated hams was higher than that of the control, whereas the meat color $a^*$ value decreased with the inclusion of olive oil. Neither value changed during the period of storage. There was no significant difference in texture between the control and olive oil treated hams throughout the storage period. In summary, pressed ham manufactured with added olive oil showed no change in physico-chemical properties and texture characteristics. Thus, it may be assumed that high quality pressed ham can be manufactured with increased monounsaturated fatty acid content.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.432-440
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• 2000

Background : The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the elderly is increasing in Korea and in the developed countries due to the increased elderly population and their predispositions to chronic disease, poverty and decreased immunity. To define the characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly, we evaluated the clinical spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis. Method : We analyzed 92 patients retrospectively that were diagnosed as active pulmonary tuberculosis over the age of 65. The analysis involved patient's profiles, clinical manifestations, coexisting diseases, diagnostic methods, anti-TB medications and their side effects, and treatment outcomes. Results : The results were as follows : - 1) The ratio of male to female was 2.1:1(62:30 cases) 2) Chief complaints were a cough (47.8%), dyspnea (40.2%), sputum (38.0%), chest pain (12.0%), anorexia (10.9%), and fever (9.8%). 3) 38 (41.3%) of cases had a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis. 4) The coexisting diseases were : -COPD, 25 cases (27.2%); pneumonia, 17 cases (18.5%); DM. 13 cases (14.1%); and malignancy, 10 cases (10.9%). 5) The positivity of Mantoux test (5 TU, PPD-S) was 82.7%. 6) Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed using the following methods : sputum AFB (Acid Fast Bacillus) smear 42.4%, sputum TB (M. Tuberculosis) culture 15.2%, sputum TB PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) 10.9%, bronchial washing AFB smear 2.1%, chest radiology only 25.0%. 7) Locations of radiologic lesions were RULF, 50 cases; RLLF, 50 cases, mostly, then LLLF ; 26 cases were leastly involved. 8) The coexisting tuberculosis were endobronchial TB(8.7%), TB pleurisy(7.6%) miliary TB(5.4%), intestinal TB(2.2%), renal TB(1.1%) 9) The proportion of treatment regimen with 1st line drug and 2nd line drug were 92.3% and 7.6%, respectively. 10) The outcome of treatment were as follows : cured 31.5%, expired 13.0%, no return 47.8%, follow-up now 7.6%. Conclusion : The pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly has atypical patterns with chronic coexisting diseases. Therefore, the possibility of pulmonary tuberculosis should be considered in elderly patients with pulmonary symptoms.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2009

Background: Belotecan (Camtobell, CKD-602, Chongkundang Pharm., Korea), a camptothecin derivative, has anticancer effects by inhibiting topoisomerase I such as topotecan. This study observed the response, survival and toxicity of belotecan monotherapy after the failure of etoposide and platinum (EP). Methods: Forty nine small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients (M/F=41/8; age, 64.5${\pm}$7.6 (mean${\pm}$SD) years), who failed in their first line chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. Twenty one SCLC patients showed relapsed lung cancer more than 90 days after their priorEP chemotherapy (sensitive relapse group, SR) and 28 patients relapsed within 90 days (refractory relapse group, RR). Results: The response rate was 25%. Eleven patients showed partial responses and 5 patients could not be checked. The response rate of the SR and RR patients was similar. The relative dose intensity was lower in the responders (78${\pm}$15%) than non-responders (83${\pm}$13%, p=0.03). The median survival time (MST) was 10.3 months (290 days). The MST of the non-responders and responders was 186 days (95% CI; 67-305) and 401 days (95% CI; 234-568, p=0.07), respectively. The median progression free survival (MPFS) was similar in the SR (79 days) and RR (67 days) patients. Grade 3-4 neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia were observed in 59.6%, 12.8% and 23.4% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: The efficacy and survival were demonstrated in the second-line setting. However, a randomized comparative trial with topotecan will be needed.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.342-357
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• 2004

A descriptive correlation study was done to provide a basic data for comprehensive nursing care by analyzing the relationship between spiritual wellbeing, hope and perceived health status of the rural elderly. 130 respondents who lived at their homes and nursing homes for elders in D county. Kyungbuk province were selected and their age was over 60 years old. Paloutzian and Ellison(1982)'s spiritual wellbeing scale. Nowotny(l989)'s hope scale and Northern Illinois University's health self rating scale was used. From September 2nd to September 30th, 2002, ready made questionnaires were handed out by researcher and two well trained nurse research assistants. to those who can fill it out and for those who cannot fill out the questionnaires alone, the researcher and assistants read it and finished by interview. This study used Pearson's correlation coefficient for the hypothetic test and the average point and standard deviation of spiritual wellbeing, hope, and perceived health status were checked. To find out the difference between spiritual wellbeing, hope, and perceived health status by general characteristics ANOVA and Tukey test were used. The results are as follows : 1. The mean score for spiritual wellbeing of the rural elders was $49.94(\pm5.62)$ in a possible range of 20-80. The mean score of religious wellbeing was $25.20(\pm3.91)$ and that of existential wellbeing was $24.74(\pm2.83)$ in a possible range of 10-40. The average point of religious wellbeing was $2.52(\pm0.39)$ points and existential wellbeing was $2.47(\pm0.28)$ points to 4 point full marks. 2. The mean score for hope was $67.68(\pm10.92)$ in a possible range of 29-116. The average point of hope was $2.33(\pm0.38)$ points to 4 point full marks. 3. The mean score for perceived health status was $9.95(\pm2.66)$ in a possible range of 4-14. The average point of perceived health status was $2.15(\pm0.72)$ point to 4 point full marks. 4. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and hope, there was a statistically positive correlation(r=0.621. p=0.000). 5. In testing the hypothesis concerning the relationship between hope and perceived health status, there was a statistically positive correlation(r=0.305, p=0.000). 6. There were significant differences in spiritual wellbeing according to age(F=5.60, p=0.000), religion(F=11.61. p=0.000), family status(F=2.86, p=0.040) and average monthly pocket money(F=4.32, p=0.015). 7. There were significant differences in hope according to age(F=16.49, p=0.000), religion (F=3.56, p=0.009), educational level(F=8.94, p=0.000), present occupation(t=-3.13, p=0.002), family status(F=5.90, p=0.001) and average monthly pocket money(F=3.41. p=0.036). 8. There were significant differences in perceived health status according to present occupation(t=-2.16, p=0.033) average monthly pocket money(F=4.11, p=0.019). From the above results it can be concluded that: There was a positive correlation between spiritual wellbeing and hope, hope and perceived health status. There was no positive correlation between spiritual wellbeing and perceived health status. For futher study, adequate spiritual wellbeing scale and hope scale for rural elders should be developed and, age and religion factors has to be reconsidered. When the nurse implicate the nursing intervention which can be promote the spiritual wellbeing and hope, rural elder's spiritual wellbeing and hope can be improved and at the same time, their perceived health status also can be improved.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.85-97
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Recently, anodic oxidation of cp-titanium is a popular method for treatment of titanium implant surfaces. It is a relatively easy process, and the thickness, structure, composition, and the microstructure of the oxide layer can be variably modified. Moreover the biological properties of the oxide layer can be controlled. Purpose: In this study, the roughness, microstructure, crystal structure of the variously treated groups (current, voltage, frequency, electrolyte, thermal treatment) were evaluated. And the specimens were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) to evaluate the effects of the surface characteristics and the oxide layers on the bioactivity of the specimens which were directly related to bone formation and integration. Materials and methods: Surface treatments consisted of either anodization or anodization followed thermal treatment. Specimens were divided into seven groups, depending on their anodizing treatment conditions: constant current mode (350V for group 2), constant voltage mode (155V for group 3), 60 Hz pulse series (230V for group 4, 300V for group 5), and 1000 Hz pulse series (400V for group 6, 460V for group 7). Non-treated native surfaces were used as controls (group 1). In addition, for the purpose of evaluating the effects of thermal treatment, each group was heat treated by elevating the temperature by $5^{\circ}C$ per minute until $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, and then bench cured. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM), porous oxide layers were observed on treated surfaces. The crystal structures and phases of titania were identified by thin-film x-ray diffractmeter (TF-XRD). Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used for roughness measurement (Sa, Sq). To evaluate bioactivity of modified titanium surfaces, each group was soaked in SBF for 168 hours (1 week), and then changed surface characteristics were analyzed by SEM and TF-XRD. Results: On basis of our findings, we concluded the following results. 1. Most groups showed morphologically porous structures. Except group 2, all groups showed fine to coarse convex structures, and the groups with superior quantity of oxide products showed superior morphology. 2. As a result of combined anodization and thermal treatment, there were no effects on composition of crystalline structure. But, heat treatment influenced the quantity of formation of the oxide products (rutile / anatase). 3. Roughness decreased in the order of groups 7,5,2,3,6,4,1 and there was statistical difference between group 7 and the others (p<0.05), but group 7 did not show any bioactivity within a week. 4. In groups that implanted ions (Ca/P) on the oxide layer through current and voltage control, showed superior morphology, and oxide products, but did not express any bioactivity within a week. 5. In group 3, the oxide layer was uniformly organized with rutile, with almost no titanium peak. And there were abnormally more [101] orientations of rutile crystalline structure, and bonelike apatite formation could be seen around these crystalline structures. Conclusion: As a result of control of various factors in anodization (current, voltage, frequency, electrolytes, thermal treatment), the surface morphology, micro-porosity, the 2nd phase formation, crystalline structure, thickness of the oxide layer could be modified. And even more, the bioactivity of the specimens in vitro could be induced. Thus anodic oxidation can be considered as an excellent surface treatment method that will able to not only control the physical properties but enhance the biological characteristics of the oxide layer. Furthermore, it is recommended in near future animal research to prove these results.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.479-489
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• 2008

Statement of the problem: Under anatomical limitations on maxillary posterior region, a poor crown-to root ratio acting on dental implants can result in undesirable stress in surrounding bone, which in turn can cause bone defects and eventual failure of implants. Purpose: The purpose is to compare stress distribution due to different crown-root ratio and effect of splinting between natural teeth and implants in maxillary molar area under different loads. Material and methods: Analysis of stress arising supporting bone of the natural teeth and the implant was made with 3-dimensional finite element method. The model simulated naturel teeth was made with 2nd premolar and 1st molar in the maxillary molar region (Model T). The model simulated implants placed on same positions with two parallel implants of Straumann Dental Implant cemented abutment (Model I). Each model was designed in different crown-root ratio (0.7:1, 1:1, 1.25:1) and set cement type gold crown to make it non-splinted or splinted. After that, 300 N force was loaded to each model in five ways (Load 1: middle of occlusal table, Load 2: middle of buccal cusp, Load 3: middle of lingual cusp, Load 4: horizontal load to buccal cusp of anterior abutment only, Load 5: horizontal load to middle of buccal cusp of each abutment), and stress distribution was analyzed. Results and conclusion: On all occasions, stress was concentrated at the cervical region of the implant. Under load 1, 2 and 3, stress was not increased even when crown-root ratio increases, but under load 4 and 5, when crown-root ratio increases, stress also increased. There was difference in stress values between natural teeth and implants when crown-root ratio gradually increases; In case of natural teeth, splinting decreased stress under vertical and horizontal loads. In case of implants, splinting decreased stress under vertical loads 1,2 and 3, but increased maximal stress under loads 2 and 3. Under horizontal loads, splinting decreased stress, however the effect of splinting decreased under load 5 than load 4. Furthermore, the stress was increased, when crown-root ratio is 1.25:1. Clinical implications: This limited finite element study suggests that the stress on supporting bone may be increased under non-axial loads and poor crown-root ratio. Under poor crown-root ratio, excessive stress was generated at the cervical region of the implant, and decreased splinting effect for stress distribution, which can be related to clinical failure.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.488-495
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• 2001

Treatment of class II malocclusions require distalization of maxillary molars into class I relationship. Intraarch distal molar movement techniques have recently assumed an important role in young patients. In this study, the dental and skeletal effects of the pendulum appliance were evaluated by means of cephalometric radiographs. The samples were consisted of 19 patients: 11 females and 8 males, mean age $11.68{\pm}1.52$ years. Measurements were obtained from cephalometric prior to and the day of removal of the pendulum appliance. Treatment changes were analyzed. The following results were obtain. 1. The pendulum appliance produced $2.94{\pm}1.54mm$ distal molar movement with a mean intrusion of $1.17{\pm}0.97mm$, mean period $18.13{\pm}7.95$ weeks. 2. The anchor tooth was $1.34{\pm}1.40mm$ forward movement and $0.48{\pm}0.99mm$ extrusion, and labial tilting of incisors. 3. The angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane increased significantly. 4. There was no significant difference in according to 2nd molar position. 5. Total movement was consisted of 74% distal movement of 1st molar and 26% forward movement of the anchor tooth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.341-348
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• 2014

We investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of extracts of two roasted coffee beans (Vietnam robusta and Ethiopia mocha sidamo G2) and fermented coffee beans with Monascus rubber mycelium (MR) by solid-state culture. C57B/L6 mice were divided into seven groups: normal diet (ND) group, high fat diet (HFD) group, and HFD groups with hot water extracts from Vietnam robusta coffee beans (HFD-VR), MR-fermented Vietnam robusta coffee beans (HFD-VR-MR), MR-fermented Vietnam robusta coffee beans with 10% brown rice (HFD-VR-MR-BR10), Ethiopia mocha sidamo G2 coffee beans (HFD-ES), and MR-fermented Ethiopia mocha sidamo G2 coffee beans (HFD-ES-MR). After 6 weeks, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were higher in the HFD group, but significantly reduced in the coffee extracts-fed groups. The HFD-ES-MR group showed greater body weight reduction than the HFD-ES group. The serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels as well as the atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor all tended to decrease in groups fed Vietnam robusta coffee extracts compared to the HFD group. These results suggest that Vietnam robusta and Ethiopia mocha sidamo G2 may be used to make functional coffee beverages with anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.842-853
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• 2014

For developing indigestible lipids, symmetric triacylglycerol (ST) and asymmetric triacylglycerol (AT) were produced by enzymatic interesterification using high oleic sunflower oil, palmitic ethyl ester, and stearic ethyl ester in a shaking water bath. Used enzymes were Lipozyme RMIM for ST and Lipozyme TLIM for AT. To remove ethyl ester from reactants, methanol fractionation (reactant : methanol=1:5, w/v, $25^{\circ}C$) and florisil separation (reactant : florisil=1:8, w/w) were applied. Acetone fractionation (reactant : acetone=1:9, w/v) was implemented to separate triacylglcerol (TAG) species into ST and AT. Fractions I (before fractionation), II (after fractionation, liquid phase) and III (after fractionation, solid phase) were separated from ST, whereas fractions IV (after 1st fractionation, liquid phase) and V (after 2nd fractionation, solid phase) were from AT. From sn-2 fatty acid composition analysis, the sum of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) was 4.9~6.5 area% in ST (I, II, III), and 41.9~43.9 area% in AT (IV, V). In vitro digestion was performed for 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes at $37^{\circ}C$ in a shaking water bath. For the digestion results, hydrolysis of V was only 40% compared to others (I, II, III, IV) at 120 minutes due to its melting point ($49^{\circ}C$). However, initially (15 minutes), hydrolysis (%) was as follows: V$32.5^{\circ}C$, $31.8^{\circ}C$) and different slip melting points ($31.3^{\circ}C$, $19.5^{\circ}C$). Even though IV has a lower TAG content composed of two saturated fatty acids than III, it had a similar melting point.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2009

Adequate environment conditions with growth stage of potato were decided in a photoautotrophic micropropagation system using models. Total 20 day-period of growth were divided into three growth periods such as 6 (stage 1), 7(stage 2), and 7(stage 3) days. At the 1st stage, no significant differences were observed in the growth of potato plantlets at various photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and $CO_2$ conditions. Considering damaged leaves, $80\;mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD and ambient $CO_2$ level were adequate in this stage. At the 2nd stage, significant differences were partly observed in several growth characteristics including dry weight. Based on the dry matter model, over $240\;mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD was too high to cultivate potato plantlets at this stage due to the occurrence of damaged leaves. Considering both plant growth and energy efficiency, $160\;mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD and $700\;mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}\;CO_2$ were selected for the adequate combination. At the 3rd stage, the biomass accumulation was significantly induced in potato plantlets under higher levels of PPFD and $CO_2$ concentration as suggested by increased fresh and dry weights. However, we could not find the saturated point with regard to dry matter due to continuous increase of dry mater even under maximum PPFD ($320\;mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1})$. Thus, $320\;mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD and $1800\;mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}\;CO_2$ were considered as the best choice at final stage in this study. In conclusion, even though the growth period of micropropagated potato plantlets was quite a short, favorable environmental conditions required at each growth stage were different. This technique could improve the growth of micropropagated plantlets compared to the conventional micropropagation and apply to other agriculturally important crops as well as potato in the future.