• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.217-224
• /
• 2009

In this study, friction tests were carried out in order to investigate the friction behavior of textured surface in unlubricated state using ball-on-disk type apparatus. Test specimens were SUJ2 bearing steel ball and SM45C steel disk. Square arrays of circular micro-dimples were created on the surface of disk specimen by Nd:YAG Laser. Friction tests were performed for the disk specimen with various micro-dimple parameters and was also conducted for the variation of normal loads and relative velocities. The results showed that fiction coefficient of textured surface was lower than that of non-textured surface and the deeper depth of micro-dimple was, the lower friction coefficient obtained at the same diameter of micro-dimple in unlubricated state. Area density of micro-dimple had an effect on the friction coefficient. It was also found that friction coefficient generally decreased with the increase of normal load and relative velocity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2013

Turbulence properties of a cylinder wake (d=10 mm) have been investigated with a new volume PTV algorithm. The measurement system consists of two-high-cameras(1 $k{\times}1$ k), a Nd-Yag laser and a host computer. A fitness function representing three-dimensional coherency has been adopted to sort out spurious vectors. A hybrid fitness function representing the relations between the fitness and the three-dimensional shortest distances constructed by the two collinears of the two cameras has been also adopted. The constructed algorithm has been employed for the measurements of the cylinder wakes. The Reynolds numbers tested in this paper are 360, 540, 720, 900, 1080 and 1260. More than 10,000 instantaneous 3D vectors have been obtained by the constructed system. The volumetric distributions of the turbulence intensities (for u', v', w') indicate that clearly different patterns for all Reynolds numbers and imply that a regular pattern (like a similarity rule) for the turbulent properties exists.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
• /
• 2009.11a
• /
• pp.111-111
• /
• 2009

전 세계적으로 환경 보호의 차원에서 자동차 업체는 자동차의 연비 향상을 위한 차체의 경량화가 큰 이슈로 대두되고 있다. 이를 위해 알루미늄과 같은 경량화 소재를 이용하여 차체 조립에 투입하고자 연구 중에 있다. 이와 같은 레이저 용접 공정이 현장에 적용되기 위해서는 용접부의 품질을 실시간으로 모니터링하고 품질을 판단하여야 생산성을 극대화 할 수 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 알루미늄 AA5182 알루미늄 판재의 용가 와이어를 이용한 레이저 용접에서 용접부를 모니터링 할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하였다. 이를 위하여 레이저는 4kW급 Nd:YAG 레이저를 사용하였고, 차체용 알루미늄 판재 AA5182 1.4t를 AA5356 와이어를 이용하여 용접을 수행하였다. 모니터링 센서로는 반응 범위가 190 mn~680 nm인 센서를 이용하였고, 용접 중 센서로부터 발생된 출력전류를, 신호 증폭기와 DAQ 보드를 통해 초당 10,000 samples/sec로 계측하였다. 다양한 용접조건을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였고 이를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 계측된 신호와 용접 품질은 비선형적 관계를 가지고 있으므로 본 연구에서는 용접 품질을 예측하는 방법으로 퍼지 패턴인식 알고리즘을 이용하는 방법과 계측 신호를 이용한 인장강도 예측모델을 이용하여 병렬로 품질평가를 할 수 있는 알고리즘을 구현하였다. 이를 위하여 계측된 신호와 용접 품질과의 관계를 이용하여 퍼지 규칙 베이스 정의하였고, 신경회로망 모델을 이용하여 인장강도 예측모델을 제시하였다. 또한 품질 평가 알고리즘을 기반으로 레이저 용접부의 품질평가가 가능한 GUI 프로그램을 구현하였다.

• Laser Solutions
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 2011

This work reports the results for laser shock peening of duplex stainless steel (22% Chromium - 5% Nickel) using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (wavelength = 532nm, pulse width = 8ns). for the application to high-capacity pumps for seawater desalination plants. By properly selecting the process parameters such as laser intensity of 10GW/$cm^2$, laser pulse density of 75pulse/$mm^2$, and $100{\mu}m$ thick aluminum foil as an absorbent coating layer, the surface hardness of duplex stainless steel could be enhanced by 26%, from 256HV to 323HV with little changes in surface morphology and roughness. The depth of laser shock peened layer was measured to be around 2mm. The large enhancement of surface hardness is considered to have high practical importance in minimizing abrasive and corrosive deterioration of pump parts.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.7 s.184
• /
• pp.39-50
• /
• 2006

Laser heat treatment technologies have been used to improve characteristics of wear and to enhance the fatigue resistance for automotive parts. The bjective of this research work is to investigate the influence of the process parameters, such as power of laser and defocused spot position, on the characteristics of laser heat treatment for the case of SM45C medium carbon steel. CW Nd:YAG laser is selected as the heat source. The optical lens with the elliptical profile is designed to obtain a wide heat treatment area with a uniform hardness. From the results of the experiments, it has been shown that the maximum hardness is approximatly 780 Hv when the power and the travel of laser are 1,095 W and 0.6 m/min, respectively. In addition, the hardening width using the elliptical lens was three time larger than that using the defocusing of laser beam.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2004.12a
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 2004

Experimental study was conducted to characterize the flow effect of particle migration in a microchannel which can be used to deliver small amount of liquids, drugs, biological agents and particles in microfluidic devices. Fluorescent particles of $1\{mu}m$ diameter were used to obtain velocity profiles of the fluid in which large particles of $10\{mu}m$ diameter were suspended at different volume fraction of 0.6 and $0.8\%$. Measurements were obtained by using micro-PIV system which contains a Nd:YAG laser with a light of 532-nm wavelength, an inverted epi-fluorescent microscope and a cooled CCD camera to record particle images. The volume fraction of $\phi$ and the particle Reynolds number $Re_p$Rep were used as a parameter to assess the influence of the velocity profile of the suspensions. To expect the slip velocity between the particle and fluids, experiments were carried out at low volume fraction. It was shown that the velocity profile was not influenced by Rep but influenced by the volume fraction, which is in similar trend with the previous study.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.54-58
• /
• 2008

Laser welding with AZ61 filler wire was carried out to improve formability though reduction of porosity and formation of under fill bead. Optimum welding condition and mechanical properties of butt joint for $400{\times}500{\times}1.3mm$ magnesium sheets were studied. Optimal welding conditions of laser power, welding speed, and defocusing length are 1000W, 3m/min, and 2mm, respectively. Results of tensile test indicated that both tensile strength and elongation of specimens welded with filler wire were improved at room temperature because of reduction of porosity and under-filled bead formation in addition to the precipitation hardening and microstructure refinement by Al-Mn and Mg-Al-Zn precipitates. At elevated temperature of $200{\sim}350^{\circ}C$, fracture location of tensile specimen was shifted from weld metal to base metal, indicating less softening of weld metal than base metal.

• Laser Solutions
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2008

Laser Transformation Hardening(LTH) is one branch of the laser surface modification processes. A lot of energy is needed for the LTH process to elevate workpiece surface to temperature of the austenite transformation($A_3$), which results from utilizing a beam with a larger size and lower power density comparatively. This study is related to the surface hardening for the rod-shaped carbon steel by the high power diode laser whose beam absorptivity is better than conventional types of lasers such as $CO_2$ or Nd:YAG laser. Because a beam proceeds on the rotating specimen, the pretreated hardened-phase can be tempered and softened by the overlapping between hardened tracks. Accordingly, the longitudinal hardness measurement and observation of the micro structure was carried out for an assessment of the hardening characteristics. In addition, a hardening characteristics as a hardenability of materials was compared in the point of view of the hardness distribution and hardening depth and width.

• Laser Solutions
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2008

Remote Laser welding technology for manufacturing automotive body is studied. Laser welding and industrial robot systems are used for the robot based laser welding system. The laser system is used 1.6kW Fiber laser(YLR-1600) of IPG. The robot system is used HX130-02 of Hyundai Heavy Industry(payload : 130kg). The robot based laser welding system is equipped with laser scanner system for remote laser welding. The welding joints of steel plate and steel plate coated with zinc are butt and lapped joints. The quality test of the laser welding are through the observation the shape of bead on plate and cross-section of welding part. During past three years the laser system, 4kW Nd:YAG laser (HL4006D) of Trumpf was used and the robot system, IRB6400R of ABB (payload:120kg) was used. The new laser source, robot and laser scanner system are used to increase the processing speed and to improve the process efficiency. This paper introduces the robot based remote laser welding system to resolve the limited welding speed and accuracy of the conventional laser welding system.

• Laser Solutions
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.7-13
• /
• 2009

Engineering ceramics as sapphire are widely used in industry owing to their superior mechanical and corrosion properties. However, micromachining of sapphire is a considerable challenge due to its transparency. Recently, direct ablation of sapphire has been demonstrated with a visible laser pulse at sufficiently high laser intensity. In this work, the theoretical model for pulsed laser ablation of sapphire is suggested and numerical analysis is carried out using the model. Sapphire ablation begins with plasma generation by the laser interaction with surface defects, impurities and contaminations in the initial stage of machining. Subsequent absorption of the visible laser beam can be explained by three mechanisms: metalization of sapphire surface due to the EUV radiation from the hot plasma, increments of surface roughness and temperature-dependent absorption coefficient. Comparison of the computation results with experimental observation indicates that the proposed model of sapphire is reasonable.