• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권5호통권162호
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• pp.321-329
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• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.157-167
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analyze the stand structure and growth characteristics along different elevations of Pinus koraiensis natural forests located at mean elevation 1,300 m (site1), 900 m (site2) and 600 m (site3) on Mt. Seorak. Mean DBH and height of P. koraiensis were 25.4 cm and 12.3 m in site1, while that of site2 and 3 were over 40 cm and 20 m, respectively. For this reason, there was 5 times difference of single tree volume between site1 and other sites(p<0.05). Mean ringwidth increment of P. koraiensis was 1.1 mm/yr in site1, 1.5 mm/yr in site2 and 2.6 mm/yr in site3. However, recent growth of ringwidth has increased by 8.6% in site1, whereas site2 and 3 have fallen by approximately 50% over the last 10 years. These results signify that the growth and distribution of natural P. koraiensis are effected by different climatic environment along elevations.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권6호
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• pp.772-779
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• 2009

산림 생태계 내 탄소 수지에 관한 기초자료를 확보하기 위해 소나무와 참나무류의 순림 및 이들의 혼효임분에 대한 탄소 저장량을 추정하였다. 연구대상지는 강원도 횡성군 둔내면 일대로 임분별로 흉고직경 5 cm 이상 임목에 대한 흉고단면적($m^2/ha$)을 기준으로 소나무:참나무류의 비율이 95:5인 소나무 순림과 0:100인 참나무류 순림, 그리고 20:80-70:30인 혼효림을 선정하였다. 각각의 임분 내 식생, 낙엽층, 고사목의 생체량과 탄소 농도를 분석하고, 0-30 cm 깊이까지의 토양 탄소 농도를 분석하였다. 식생(상층 임목과 하층 식생)의 탄소 저장량은 참나무류 순림에서 147.6 Mg C/ha, 소나무 순림에서 141.4 Mg C/ha, 혼효림에서 115.8 Mg C/ha 등으로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 낙엽층 내 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 12.7 Mg C/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 9.9 Mg C/ha와 혼효림에서 8.4 Mg C/ha 등이었으며, 고사목 내 탄소 저장량은 혼효림에서 2.2 Mg/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 1.7 Mg/ha 와 소나무 순림에서 1.1 Mg/ha 등으로 낙엽층의 탄소량은 임분간 유의한 차이가 있었으나(p<0.05), 고사목의 탄소 저장량은 임분간 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 지표로부터 30 cm 깊이까지의 토양 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 44.4 Mg C/ha이고, 혼효림에서 41.6 Mg C/ha과 참나무류 순림에서 33.3 Mg C/ha 등의 분포를 보였으나 임분간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 생태계 내 총 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 199.6 Mg C/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 192.5 Mg C/ha, 혼효림에서 169.1 Mg C/ha 등으로 임분별로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 탄소 저장량이 혼효림에서 순림보다 낮은 것은 탄소 저장량의 대부분을 차지하는 식생의 탄소 저장량이 혼효림에서 더 낮기 때문이었다. 혼효림의 식생은 소나무와 참나무류의 종간경쟁으로 참나무류의 직경생장이 둔화되고 임분 밀도가 높아 참나무류 임목간의 경쟁이 심하게 되어 순림보다 낮은 생체량을 보이는 것으로 추정된다. 혼효임분에서 탄소 저장량을 증가시키기 위해서는 간벌과 같은 적절한 임분관리를 통한 임분의 종내 및 종간경쟁을 완화시킬 필요가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제85권1호
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• pp.76-83
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• 1996

참나무류 주요 수종의 성장(成長) 및 물질생산(物質生産)을 파악하기 위하여 경기도(京畿道) 광주지방(廣州地方) 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 부속 중부연습림에 위치하고 있는 평균 수령(樹齡) 32-38년생(年生) 굴참나무, 상수리나무, 떡갈나무, 신갈나무 등 4개 수종 천연임분(天然林分)을 대상으로 임분별 $10m{\times}10m$ 조사구 10개씩을 설치 한 후 매목조사(每木調査)를 실시하고 임분별 10주씩 총 40주의 표본목(標本木)을 선정 벌목하여 조사하였다. 평균 흉고직경(胸高直徑)과 수고(樹高)는 상수리나무, 굴참나무, 신갈나무, 떡갈나무 임분의 순으로 컸다. 임목밀도(林木密度)는 굴참나무, 떡갈나무, 신갈나무, 상수리나무 임분의 순으로 높았다. 현존량(現存量)은 상수리나무 임분 122.73t/ha, 굴참나무 임분 87.03t/ha, 신갈나무 임분 72.14t/ha, 떡갈나무 임분 38.56t/ha의 순으로 많았다. 순생산량(純生産量)은 신갈나무 임분 7.49t/ha/yr., 굴참나무 임분 6.47t/ha/yr., 상수리나무 임분 6.06t/ha/yr., 떡갈나무 임분 3.52t/ha/yr.의 순으로 많았다. 순동화율(純同化率)은 상수리나무 임분 3.275, 굴참나무 임분 2.898, 신갈나무 임분 2.888, 떡갈나무 임분 1.840의 순으로 높았다. 4개 임분의 순동화율(純同化率) 순위와 순생산량(純生産量)순위가 다른 것은 잎의 현존량(現存量)이 다르기 때문이었으며 순생산량(純生産量) 순위와 현존량(現存量) 순위가 다른 것은 지속적 축적기관인 줄기, 비교적 단기간의 축적기관인 가지, 비축적기관인 잎의 순생산량(純生産量) 구성비(構成比)가 다르기 때문이었다.

• 환경생물
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.345-352
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• 2011

내설악 전나무 자연림 임분구조를 좀 더 체계적으로 이해하기 위하여 종다양성 추정에 사용되는 Shannon-Weaver-Index를 응용한 Herles의 구조표현인자 다양성 계산 방법을 도입하여 12개의 임분을 조사하였다. 임분 구조 변화는 당연히 phase의 변화에 종속되지만 개개인자들 간의 연관에서 자연림의 특성이 재확인되었다. 우선 내설악 전나무 자연림의 구조는 표현인자 다양성의 결과에서 보이는 것처럼 다양성이 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 인자 간의 상관에서 종다양성은 구조 변화 관련 전체 인자 (다양성)와 미약한 관계만 보이며, 어느 정도 설명이 가능한 연관을 보이는 것으로는 개체수였으며, 개체수가 증가할수록 임분구조 전체의 다양성은 떨어지는 결과를 보인다. 입목축적이나 고사목 축적은 대부분 조사구에서 천연갱신고도와 연관을 보이며 다른 인자와는 별다른 관계를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 타 구조표현인자 서로서로의 연관은 천연갱신고도와 관련하여 울폐도나 수관면적, 형태 등과 연관을 보였으며 수고나 흉고직경은 타 인자들과 별다른 연관을 보이지 않았다. 전체적으로 내설악 전나무림 구조변화 이해에 도움을 주는 결과를 가져왔지만 좀 더 많은 조사구에 대한 조사가 필요하리라 본다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제109권2호
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• pp.202-210
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• 2020

본 연구는 일본잎갈나무 임분의 안정성을 고려한 임분밀도 관리의 적정 수준을 탐색하기 위해 수행하였다. 분석에 활용된 조사 표본점 259개소의 자료를 통해 임분밀도관리도를 개발하였고, 이를 이용하여 상대수확량지수(Relative yield index: Ry)와 형상비(Height-to-diameter ratio: H/D)간의 관계 구명을 통해 임분밀도 관리의 적정 수준을 찾고자 하였다. 추정된 임분밀도관리도의 설명력(R²)은 0.600으로 나타났다. 상대수확량지수와 세장목의 출현비율의 관계 분석 결과, 일정임분밀도 이상에 도달할 경우 세장목의 비율이 급격히 증가하였고, 해당 곡선에서의 상대수확량지수(Ry)의 임계값은 0.63으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 풍해, 설해와 같은 자연적인 피해를 저감 할 수 있는 임분 관리 전략 수립과 경제림의 생산력 향상을 위한 임분 시업체계 개발에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.205-216
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• 2018

Objectives: Scientific verification for health effects has been constantly demanded through the forest healing factors. In this study, phytoncide concentration which is one of the forest healing factors, was investigated according to stand density, season and visiting time, and analyzed correlation with micrometeorology factors. Methods: Total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and Natural volatile organic compounds (NVOCs) were collected using a measuring instrument which is connected to an air pump with the Tenax TA tube. The 32NVOCs were selected through the detailed criteria of adequacy assessment for recreational forest. The statistical analysis (correlation and stepwise regression analysis) was conducted between phytoncide concentration and micrometeorology factors. Results: NVOCs concentration linearly increased according to stand density. The high level showed in the summer (p<0.05), and there is no significant difference according to visiting hours of the Healing forest. NVOCs is a negative correlation with solar radiation, PAR and wind direction, and a positive correlation with relative humidity and temperature (p<0.01). NVOCs increased following the increase of humidity and temperature ($R^2=0.55$). Conclusions: Phytoncide linearly increased according to stand density, and showed the correlation significantly with microclimate factors. In future, these results will be utilized as a basic material to promote the generation of phytoncide, which positively influences human health promotion and manage the forest welfare space.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2014

This study was carried out to review the pattern of forest stand development for six Gangwondo Baekdudaegan Mountains which experienced different type and duration of intensive legal protection. Vegetation data from point sampling method were employed to classify community types by cluster analysis on the basis of the importance values of canopy tree species for the study areas. The names of classified communities were given by the composition of dominant tree species. The communities were also compared one another in terms of stand structure by species diversity index. The results indicated that National Parks (Seoraksan and Odaesan) had greater proportion of mixed mesophytic forest type which was supposed to progress further forest succession process so as to have more complex and diversified stand structure. On the other hand, ordinary forest areas (Seokbyeongsan and Deokhangsan) had greater proportion of the forest types which was dominatively composed of Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora. The forest types with large amount of these two species would tend to develop for relatively short period of time of 40-50 years after artificial disturbances. Hyangnobong of Natural Protection Area and Hambaeksan of Natural Ecosystem Conservation Area showed intermediate stand development pattern in between National Parks and ordinary forest areas. The period of intensive legal protection of the forest area was positively correlated with species diversity index (R=0.736), and noted that the forest which received intensive protection regulation for longer period tended to show more complex and diversified stand structure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.929-934
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• 2000

Optimum stand density of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varies with locations and climates. Stand density is one of the factors that determines herbage yield, forage quality and persistence of alfalfa. As establishment costs increase, the question arises whether present population densities are optimum for obtaining maximum herbage yield and forage quality. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the optimum plant density for highest herbage yield and forage quality for the dehydrated alfalfa industry under Edmontons climatic conditions in Alberta, Canada; 2) to compare herbage yield and forage quality of the cultivars 'Algonquin' and 'Vernal' grown at a range of stand densities. Alfalfa seedlings of both cultivars were either transplanted at spacings of 6, 10, 15 and 25 cm or direct seeded at the 4.5 cm plant spacings, providing population densities of 494, 278, 100, 45 and $16plants/m^2$. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement having three replicates; the main plots consisted of two alfalfa cultivars Algonquin and Vernal, and the sub-plots were the five population densities. The cultivar Vernal had significantly higher annual yield than did the cultivar Algonquin. There was no significant effect of plant density on herbage yield. There was no difference in crude protein (CP) between the two cultivars. At the first cut, there was a significant quadratic effect of plant density on CP content and the greatest CP occurred at the 100 plants/m2 density. Crude protein was not affected by plant density at the second cut. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were not affected by plant density. The cultivar Algonquin usually had a lower ADF and NDF than cultivar Vernal. In conclusion, high population densities ($278plants/m^2$ or more) of alfalfa did not improve herbage yield and forage quality compared with low plant population densities ($100plants/m^2$ or less) of alfalfa.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1972

To study on the annual height growth of Pinus densiflora within natural pine stands in central Korea, twenty two pure closed Pinus densiflora stands were selected subjectively in the west-central region of Korea. In each stand twenty trees were chosen randomly. For each tree, abotu ten to fifteen measurements of internodal lengths were made from leader top to trunk base. A total of one hundred thirty four soil samples was collected. Each soil sample was bulked with three subsamples. The ranges of the growth measurements per stand, per tree and per observation were 14.9-35.4cm, 9.0cm-54.4cm and 2.4cm-69.0cm respectively. The total mean value was 23.5cm. The Student-Newman-Keul's tests for the multiple comparison among the mean values of the height growth per stand were very highly significant. The resutls of the analysis of variance of the height growth data for the selected fifteen stands among the twenty two stands indicate that sampling efficiency might be increased to 744% if measurement of the growth were made on fifteen trees per stand from twenty stands instead of twenty trees per stand from fifteen stands. The annual height growths of Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis for the period from 1960 to 1968 were 21.74$\pm$5.29cm (10) and 20.56$\pm$5.59cm (10) respectively. The total means of easily-soluble phosphorus, total nitrogen, loss on ignition and pH for the soil samples were 2.8 ppm, 0.09%, 5.4% and 4.7 respectively. The ranges of those amounts were 18.7-1.7ppm, 0.17-0.05%, 11.6%-3.1%, 3.9-5.1 respectively. The relationship of the annual height growth of P. densiflora to soil was studied in terms of standard partial multiple regression. Among soil properties such as non-capillary pore space, capillary pore space, maximum field capacity, loss on ignition, soil reaction, total nitrogen and easily-soluble phosphoros investigated, the easily soluble phosphorus in one analysis and loss on ignition and soil reaction in the other analysis seem to have significant positive influence on the annual height growth.