• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2016년도 학술발표회
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• pp.1-1
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• 2016

Many of the world's large ecosystems are severely stressed due to population growth, water quality and quantity problems, vulnerability to flood and drought, and the loss of native species and cultural resources. Consequences of climate change further increase uncertainties about the future. These major societal challenges must be addressed through innovations in governance, policy, and ways of implementing management strategies. Science and engineering play a critical role in helping define possible alternative futures that could be achieved and the possible consequences to economic development, quality of life, and sustainability of ecosystem services. Science has advanced rapidly during the past decade with the emergence of science communities coalescing around 'Grand Challenges' and the maturation of how these communities function has resulted in large interdisciplinary research networks. An example is the River Experiment Center of KICT that engages researchers from throughout Korea and the world. This trend has been complemented by major advances in sensor technologies and data synthesis to accelerate knowledge discovery. These factors combine to allow scientific debate to occur in a more open and transparent manner. The availability of information and improved communication of scientific and engineering issues is raising the level of dialogue at the science-policy interface. However, severe challenges persist since scientific discovery does not occur on the same timeframe as management actions, policy decisions or at the pace sometimes expected by elected officials. Common challenges include the need to make decisions in the face of considerable uncertainty, ensuring research results are actionable and preventing science being used by special interests to delay or obsfucate decisions. These challenges are explored in the context of examples from the United States, including the California Bay-Delta system. California transfers water from the wetter northern part of the state to the drier southern part of the state through the Central Valley Project since 1940 and this was supplemented by the State Water Project in 1973. The scale of these activities is remarkable: approximately two thirds of the population of Californians rely on water from the Delta, these waters also irrigate up to 45% of the fruits & vegetables produced in the US, and about 80% of California's commercial fishery species live in or migrate through the Bay-Delta. This Delta region is a global hotspot for biodiversity that provides habitat for over 700 species, but is also a hotspot for the loss of biodiversity with more than 25 species currently listed by the Endangered Species Act. Understanding the decline of the fragile ecosystem of the Bay-Delta system and the potential consequences to economic growth if water transfers are reduced for the environment, the California State Legislature passed landmark legislation in 2009 (CA Water Code SS 85054) that established "Coequal goals of providing a more reliable water supply for California and protecting, restoring, and enhancing the Delta ecosystem". The legislation also stated that "The coequal goals shall be achieved in a manner that protects and enhances the unique cultural, recreational, natural resource, and agricultural values of the Delta as an evolving place." The challenges of integrating policy, management and scientific research will be described through this and other international examples.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.578-585
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• 2017

본 연구는 천연기념물 중에서 유일한 늪지식물인 제346호 함안 대송리 늪지식물을 대상으로 방문객의 문화재적 가치에 대한 인식현황과 활용 및 관리에 대한 요구도 등을 분석하여 향후 관리방안의 시사점 제공을 목적으로 한다. 방문객 인식현황을 분석한 결과 대상지의 인지도 및 인식수준은 전반적으로 낮았고 방문동기는 '자연 체험 및 교육', '휴식 및 여가', '문화자원 체험' 순으로 높게 나타났다. 인식수준에 따른 방문동기 차이를 분석한 결과 대상지에 대한 인식수준이 높거나 대상지의 문화재적 가치를 높게 평가하는 집단의 경우 단순 휴식 보다 '자연 체험' 또는 '문화자원 체험'을 위해 방문하는 경향이 높았다. 활용 측면에서는 안내판 등 관람, 편의를 위한 기본시설 및 적극적인 홍보에 대한 요구가 가장 높았고 늪지식물을 이용한 전통자원 발굴과 자연체험을 선호하는 것으로 조사되었다. 현행관리의 주요 방해요인으로는 지역주민과 일반 탐방객 모두 체계적인 관리정책 부재와 지역주민과의 소통 부재 등을 문제로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 적절한 관리방안을 모색하기 위해서는 지역주민을 포함한 다양한 이해관계자들의 협력을 통한 보존과 이용의 조화를 이루는 정책 수립 및 현장 적용이 필요하다고 인식하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2008

As forest land takes up 65% of the Korean peninsula, there have been continuing conflicts between the development and conservation of forest land. As the income level has changed over time, the usage of forest land in society has changed. There has been increasing demands for forest land for urban development and recreational use. On the other hand, a large proportion of the land is required to be preserved for the forest and the natural ecosystem in it. The existing management system for the forest land has been designed focusing on the management of the trees on the land, and not the land itself. Due to this limitation, the current management system of forest land has failed to protect the forest land from being developed indiscreetly, making it difficult to conserve and develop the forest land in an efficient way. A major question in forest land management is how to integrate economic use activities with the supporting ecosystems to maximize performance of the ecological-economic system. In order to promote sustainable use of forest resources, and to achieve efficient forest land management, it is prerequisite to evaluation on forest resources of natural ecosystems. Quantitative measures are needed that signify how necessary the services and products of forested ecosystems are to human endeavors. In this study, the natural wealth provided by forest land was quantified based on emergy synthesis. Emergy is a universal measure of real wealth of the work of nature and society made on a common basis. Thus, Calculations of emergy provide a basis for making choices about environment and economy following the general public policy to maximize real wealth. The goals of forest land management to achieve balance between the ecology and economy of its integrated system and to foster equity among the diverse outcomes of the forest land were assessed with emergy. Emergy was demonstrated to holistically integrated and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively. Doing so will provide a better understanding of the basis of forest land wealth and the consequences of management decisions.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.661-670
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• 2012

Urban forests provide great ecosystem services to population in metropolitan areas even though they occupy little green space in a huge gray landscape. Unfortunately, urbanization inherently results in threatening the green infrastructure, and the recent urbanization trends drew great attention of scientists and policy makers on how to preserve or restore green infrastructure in metropolitan area. For this reason, mapping the spatial distribution of the green infrastructure is important in urban environments since the resulting map helps us identify hot green spots and set up long term plan on how to preserve or restore green infrastructure in urban environments. As a preliminary step for mapping green infrastructure utilizing multi-source remote sensing data in urban environments, the objective of this study is to map vegetation volume by fusing LiDAR and multispectral data in urban environments. Multispectral imageries are used to identify the two dimensional distribution of green infrastructure, while LiDAR data are utilized to characterize the vertical structure of the identified green structure. Vegetation volume was calculated over the metropolitan Chicago city area, and the vegetation volume was summarized over 16 NLCD classes. The experimental results indicated that vegetation volume varies greatly even in the same land cover class, and traditional land cover map based above ground biomass estimation approach may introduce bias in the estimation results.

• 환경생물
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.403-412
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• 2014

This article chronicles key shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century as they related to the commercialization of academic research. The institutionalization and growth of scientific research in the research university in the twentieth century and the increasing awareness of its potential to promote technology innovation and economic growth posited an important question of the ownership of knowledge created in the academic setting, where knowledge was traditionally regarded as a common property among academic researchers. This paper shows the ownership of academic knowledge emerged as a key public policy and legal issue in the latter half of the twentieth century for academic researchers and government officials who pursue the commercialization of academic knowledge for private gain and public benefit. The resulting institutionalization of patent management in the research university and shifts in federal patent policy in turn opened a new legal avenue for the establishment of the private ownership of academic knowledge and the expansion of intellectual property rights in academia, especially in the area of biological and biomedical research. Reflecting upon historical shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century, this paper suggests recent controversies regarding ownership of biological knowledge and profit sharing in developing counties are linked to critical issues pertinent to the welfare of indigenous population, utilization of new natural resources, and sustainable development for humanity.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.151-165
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• 1995

1. This paper suggests one educational model of National Parks. The model includes main themes such as (1) concepts, (2) waste types, and (3) conservation policies of National Parks for the application at the school environmental education classes. 2. The study describes the origin of the national park system and concepts or policies for the conservation of the parks with cases of Japan, Taiwan, Canada, Australia, Swiss, Russia, and International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources(IUCN). The main focuses of their concepts or policies are on the (1) public land, (2) conserved, (3) legally protected land, and (4) land for the education of the loving their country. 3. This research classifies wastes of parks as point, linear, areal, and cubic types, and explains wasting actions on each types, focused mainly on the mountainous national parks. 4. The suggested policies for the conserving national parks, in this paper, are (1) core-zoning policy, and (2) management policy within the core zone. 5. Some principles are suggested for the more effective realization of the policies: (1) enforcement, (2) abandonment,(3) restoration, (4) enlargement, (5) limitation, (6) incorporation, (7) monitoring, and (8) education. 6. Finally, the educational values of this model may be derived from concepts of (1) loving national land, (2) conservation of nature, (3) public responsibility for protection, and (4) education materials. Those concepts form the foundation of models for (1) civic education, (2) education of country, and (3) inquiry training.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제85권3호
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• pp.381-395
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• 1996

이 연구의 목적은 한국의 임정에 큰 영향을 끼친 "조선임정계획(朝鮮林政計劃)"의 요존국유림 관련부분을 중심으로 하여 1926년부터 1936년까지의 일제의 한국 국유림정책을 파악하고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 동시기 국유림정책을 수립하는데 중요한 역할을 담당하였던 조선임정계획(朝鮮林政計劃)의 계획과 실적을 비교하여 그 성격을 도출하였다. 조선임정계획은 1)제1차 세계대전 이후 목재수요의 급증에 대비하기 위해 2)분산된 국유림관리조직의 통합을 위해 3)일본에서의 영림국서제도(營林局署制度)의 설치에 영향을 받아 만들어졌다. 이 연구를 통해 1)수입의 보속만을 추구한 사업안 2)10년만에 두배로 늘어난 벌채량 3)벌채적지의 13%만의 인공조림 4)산림축적의 감소가 대부분 국유림에서 이루어졌다는 점 5)영림서의 계속적인 축소 통폐합 6)국유림에서의 막대한 이득 등을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉 이러한 임정계획 및 실적을 통해, 1926년부터 1936년까지의 기간은 '보속적인 산림경영'을 추구했다기보다는 증벌을 통한 제국주의의 초과이윤을 실현한 '국유림 수탈정책'의 실현에 그 목적이 있었다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.59-87
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• 2004

In its Declaration of Principles, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recommends that, "to achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, states should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption...." This notion of sustainability lies at the core of many "commons" problems, where the central issue is to enable "individuals to sustain long-term, productive use of natural resource systems". In other worlds, a common definition of "sustainability" captures the idea of aligning human consumption with the capacity of ecological systems to supply, over a long period of time, such natural resources as air, soil, or water on which production depends. The concept of sustainability raises all sorts of political, social, and economic questions about the distribution of environmental protection. For sustainable community development to be addressed, these questions must be raised. In order to convince different citizenry of the necessity of sustainability, these questions must also be answered. This is where questions of equity, justice, and fairness arise. Sustainability and equity require that we deal with nature as an undivided whole, with no part being unsustainable. Sustainability and social policy also requires that we deal with the human population as an undivided whole. We simply cannot move people around the planet to either perpetuate past practices of earth exploitation or to implement sustainable planning. Everyone must work with the people inhabiting sensitive ecological areas, especially areas of regeneration. In the sustainable global community, we are as strong as our weakest link, or our most toxic community. This is the undeniable driving force for the infusion of equity into the sustainable development debate.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2017

Recently, the gap between demand and supply of natural aggregate has increased owing to the depletion of aggregate sources. Therefore, policy support is necessary for the stable supply of aggregate resources. Public and construction works experience problems when they do not receive a steady supply of aggregate. Further, instabilities in aggregate supply lead to increases in aggregate prices, and consequently construction costs. As a result, the likelihood of poor construction using low-grade aggregate increases. It is therefore crucial to put measures in place that deal with these issues. This study aims to reduce the load imposed by aggregate use on the environment by recycling soil dredged from sewage ducts to reduce the gap between supply and demand of fine aggregate. The dredged soil is assessed using an applicability test for quality characteristics and solidification with basic properties. This study aims to secure the safety of dredging soil and solidified objects through interior physical and chemical analyses and to utilize it as a base material for concrete solidification in the future.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2014

The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA) develops and implements a public housing programme to meet the housing needs of people who cannot afford private rental housing. The HKHA has an existing stock of about 740,000 public rental flats (PRH). According to the 2014 Policy Address, the Government aims to provide an average of about 20,000 PRH units and about 8,000 Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) units per year. We care for the environment. In developing new housing estates, we conduct thorough environmental studies such as microclimate studies and air ventilation assessment, and use passive design to harness the natural characteristics of our sites. We employ environment-friendly design and construction methods, using modular flat design, pre-cast and pre-fabricated construction techniques as well as recycled, green construction materials. We conduct Carbon Emission Estimation for all our projects, conserve the use of natural resources and reduce wastes throughout the life cycle of buildings. We care for people. We adopt the principles of Universal Design and Barrier Free Access for the convenience and welfare of people of all ages and abilities. We carry out Community Engagement to collect stakeholders' views and aspirations, and incorporate them in the design of our projects. We also carry out surveys of residents' views after the occupation of new estates to gauge our success and identify areas for improvement.