• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 1997

These experiments were carried out to examine the development capacity of sexed and then bisected embryo from 8-cell to morula stage. Antisera to histocompatibility-Y(H-Y) antigen were prepared in inbred SD female rat by repeated immunization of spleen cell or testis supernatant from males of same strain. Male and female embryos were separated by delaying development of embryos against H-Y antibody. After sexing, rabbit embryos were bisected and aggregated. The results obtained from the these experiments were summuerized as follows: 1. When mouse and rabbit 8-, 16-cell and morular embryos were culature in H-Y antiserum, the ratio of embryo which has developed to hatching blastocyst was 53.4, 46.3 and 57.4% in mouse embryos, and 49.0, 52.0 and 61.0% in rabbit embryo, respectively. The ratio of mouse and rabbit embryos developed to hatching blastocyst showed nearly natural sex rate(50%), except rabbit mourla showed a little higher ratio(61.0%) as compared to natural sex ratio. 2. When rabbit demi-embryos from 8-, 16-cell embryo and morula were cultured, the percentage of demi-embryos was 70, 68 and 58% without zona pellucida removed, and 62, 69 and 51% with zona pellucida. The rate of aggregation was higher in 8- and 16-cell demi-embryos than in morula demi-embryo. 4. When sexed-demi-embryo was aggregated with another demi-embryo with demi-embryo with same sex, the rate of embryo developed to blastocyst was 60, 50 and 25%, respectively. Eight-cell demi-embryo showed highest rate. In conclusion, it showed that H-Y antiserum which was made by rat spleen cell enabled sexing rabbit embryos. And when rabbit sexed 8-, 16-cell and morula demi-embryo were aggregated, they were developed to eu-blastocyst which suggested the potential of sexed embryo manipulation.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2005

Most of the eggs and (or) pre-larvae of Acheilognathus signifer were observed from the gills of Unio douglasiae sinuolatus, 30~45 mm in the shell length, that is the host mussel of A. signifer. There was no selectivity in proportion to mussel size at the range observed. One to seven individual eggs and (or) pre-larvae were found in the mussels, with a mean of 2.5 individuals, and the rate of possessing one egg and (or) pre-larva was 50.0%. When the prelarva of A. signifer acquired swimming ability inside the mussel, it moved into the suprabranchial chamber. It was estimated that the growth period was 4~6 weeks. The minute tubercles of the pre-larvae were observed immediately after hatching. Absorption of the minute tubercles was observed starting the 7 th day, with most of tubercles absorbed 13 days after hatching and completed 20 days after the yolk was entirely absorbed.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.217-229
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• 1994

The napuliar stages of Harpaciticus nipponicus Ito reared in the laboratory are descirbed and illustrated in detail. Ovigerous females of h. nipponicus were collected from the intertidal zone of Kuryongpo Yougil-gun Kyongangbuk-do. Korea. This species passed through 6 naupilar stages before metamorphosis to the first copepodid stage. At $20^{\circ}C$, the first copepo양 stage was attained in 6-8 (mean 7 ) days after hatching. The nauplii of Harpacticus species can be distinguished from those of other Harpacticid genera by the maxillule, pereiopods, and caudal setae. The nauplii of h. nipponicus are similiar in morphology to those of H. uniremis but distinguished by the differences in naupliar size and appendage setation. A key to identify the naupliar stages of this speices is briefly discussed.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2001

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) on the rate of blastocyst formation and hatching in the mouse embryos and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and ATPase ${\gamma}$-subunit mRNA. Methods: Late 2-cell mouse embryos was cultured for 72 hours in RTF medium containing with 1, 10, and 100 ng/ml HB-EGF. The mRNA expression level of MMP-9 and ATPase ${\gamma}$-subunit was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The rate of hatching was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group containing with 1 ng/ml HB-EGF than other groups. Also, the rate of hatched blastocyst was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 10 ng/ml. The mRNA expression level of MMP-9 mRNA was not shown any difference among groups, but ATPase ${\gamma}$-subunit was higher than other groups. Conclusions: Taken together these results suggest that HB-EGF has the positive effect to promote the blastocyst formation and hatching process and influences the blastocoel expansion by promoting the ATPase mRNA expression in the mouse embryos.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.539-548
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• 1995

The process of yolk absorption and the growth pattern of churn salmon, Oncorhynchus keta alevin were studied. Matured males and females of chum salmon were sampled from the Namdaechun River in the east coast of Korea, and then an artificial fertilization was carried out using their eggs and sperms. Fertilized eggs were incubated in controlled water temperature of $13^{\circ}C$ and samples of 40 alevins were randomly taken at just hatching and at every three days between 12 days alter hatching and yolk absorption. The means of total length and total weight of hatched alevins were respectively 1.97cm and 1.85g and the yolk absorption took about 33 days after hatching, based on the morphological measurement. Growth curves of total length, total weight and somatic weight were fitted well with the Gompertz growth model. However, the shrinking in yolk-sac length, yolk-sac weight, yolk-sac height and yolk-sac volume revealed a linear phenomenon until the absorption of yolk was completed. The relative growth of chum salmon alevin, such as the relationship between total length and total weight, or between total weight and yolk-sac weight, was also studied.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 2004

This study was carried out to obtain the fundamental data for the mass seedling production of grunt, Hapalogenys nitens in terms of the natural spawning and some characteristics of the eggs spawned. The wild grunt were reared at indoor tanks for three years. The adults spawners were 34.0∼44.0 cm (38.6$\pm$4.0 cm, n=7) in total length, 1.00∼2.23 kg (1.62$\pm$0.50 kg, n=7) in body weight. Spawning were observed 9 times from September 22 to October 1, 2000 and 37 times from August 22 to October 3, 2001, with a water temperature range of 19.8$\pm$28.5$^{\circ}C$. The total number of eggs collected was 2.29${\times}$10$^{7}$ (1.7${\times}$10$^{3}$/ml). The relative proportion of floating eggs to total eggs was 41.7%. The fertilization rate of floating eggs was ranged between 85.0 and 99.9% and the hatching rate was ranged between 2.9 and 93.0%. Fertilized eggs were buoyant and spherical in shape, and were 0.85∼0.98 mm in diameter. Each egg contained 1-5 oil globules which were, 0.18∼0.25 mm in diameter. The incubation time from fertilization to blastodisc formation was 10 minutes, to blastula was 3 hours, and to the hatched larvae at 26$^{\circ}C$ was 20 hours 30 minutes. The newly hatched larvae attained total length of 1.81$\pm$0.18 mm. The time required from fertilization to hatching was 31∼34 hours at 23$^{\circ}C$ and 17∼20 hours at 29$^{\circ}C$.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.20
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• pp.55-63
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• 2002

This experiment was to know properties of Sericin Jam that development, growth of silkgland, content of sericin and composition of amino acid in hemolymph. The characters of Sericin Jam can he seen form this experiment. Hatching ratio was 85% in Sericin Jam and 95% in Jam 120. Especially hatching period of Sericin Jam was longer than Jam 120 and also hatching of Sericin Jam was ununiform. The larval duration of Sericin Jam was 20 days and 23 hours, and Jaw 120 was 21 days and 22 hours. In Sericin Jam, middle silkgland contain a great p arts in silkgalod and posterior silkgand is short and no curves. The period of mounting to emergence was 12 days in Sericin Jam. The period of pupa was 7day. It is property of Sericin Jam that the period is short. Cocoon was very thin and light in Sericin Jam. Weight of cocoon shell of Sericin Jam is 2.7cg. The sericin protein quantity was 100% in cocoon shell of Sericin Jam, about 28% in cocoon shell of Jam 120, however the sericin ratio per Sericin Jam cocoon was 34.6% compare to cocoon shell of Jaw 120 in sericin protein quantity. The amino acids in hemolymph of Sericin Jaw was much hidtidine, lysine, glut amic acid. And the amount of almost amino acids were increased depends upon development at t he 5th instar.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.160-167
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• 2007

Embryonic and pre-leptocephalic larvae development of the eel, Anguilla japonica, are described following natural fertilization in the indoor tank of $23^{\circ}C$ water temperature. Following a routine hormone treatment technique for the brood stock, female eels were artificially matured by weekly intramuscular injections of salmon pituitary extracts (SPE) at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) for a total of 10-14 doses to induce ovarian maturation, while male eels received weekly intramuscular injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at a dosage of 1 IU/g BW for a total of 6-10 doses to induce testicular maturation in a separate aquarium and induced natural spawning. Fertilized eggs of about 1.0 mm in diameter were pelagic and showed a typical discoidal cleavage. Hatching occurs 38 hrs after fertilization at a water temperature of $23^{\circ}C$. The newly hatched larvae measured about 3.0 mm in total length and the number of myomeres averages 42. Their mouths and anuses were opened at 4.5 days and the yolk sacs of the pre-leptocephalic larvae were almost absorbed at 6.5 days after hatching. Pre-leptocephalic larvae survive for 14.5 days. At this time they are $5.87{\pm}0.25mm$ in total length and have about 98 myomeres. However, morphological characterization of embryonic and pre-leptocephalic larvae were not different between natural fertilization and artificial fertilization by the dry method.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.702-710
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• 2017

Recently, in many reptiles (14 genera of turtles in five families), common characteristics of incubation temperatures are known to determine the sexes of hatchlings in many species of turtles, including the map turtles, painted turtles and snapping turtles, emys turtle, etc. According to many researcher's reports, in general, incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ (cooler temperatures) produces all or mostly males, however, incubation at $31^{\circ}C$ (higher temperatures) or higher produces all or mostly females. Exceptionally, even cooler temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) produce females, they produced all or mostly females. Accordingly, it is well-known that incubation temperature is the sex determining agent in these turtles. However, this paper presents study of the sex ratio and nest ecology in natural spawning nest: Observations on hatching sex ratios of eggs collected from natural nests of T. sinensis are similar to a previous report of the same genus Trionyx in the soft-shelled turtles. However, this genus (or species) showed some different phenomena to other kinds of turtles such as various kinds turtles mentioned above. After collection of naturally spawned eggs (17 eggs of T. sisnensis) on the natural nests, a laboratory experiment by the constant incubation temperatures was conducted with natural fluctuating soil temperatures in the natural nest with the soft-shelled turtle, T. sinensis. And also laboratory experiments were conducted using constant incubation temperatures of $25^{\circ}C$ (cooler temp.) and $30^{\circ}C$ (higher temp.) with the turtle, T. sinensis. Exceptionally, it was confirmed that the first and second incubation temperatures can't control sex-determination in the freshwater soft-shelled turtle, T. sinensis. The sex ratio approximated 1:1 (${\chi}^2=0.06$, P>0.05 (the Ist experiment). And the sex ratio approximated 1:1 independently of incubation temperature (${\chi}^2=0.33$, P>0.05 (the 2nd experiment). Consequently, temperature has no effect on sex determination in the genus Trionyx in a soft-shelled turtle.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2013

Baculum elongatum has several peculiarities such as parthenogenesis, unique external features, changing body color, and dropping oviposition, which makes it a potential economically useful insect. Oviposition was performed by females without fertilization by the sperm of males. The oviposition period was $42.2{\pm}22.7$ days and the number of eggs per female was $109.5{\pm}70.5$ eggs. The hatch rate was 73.3% at $25^{\circ}C$ and 66.7% after low temperature treatment ($8^{\circ}C$ for 60 days). In nature, B. elongatum overwinters as an egg, but it can be assumed from the results that cold temperatures were not required for hatching. The hatch rate was 98.2% in the treatment using floral foam, fermented sawdust, and leaves. The developmental period was $100.9{\pm}4.2$ days for eggs, $55.3{\pm}4.6$ days for nymphs, and $49.7{\pm}16.0$ days for adults. The length of the eggs was $0.33{\pm}0.0$ cm and the lengths of the nymphs were clearly distinguishable according to the instar stage. Clover(Trifolium repens) was an excellent diet as it was similar to the host plant and could be used as an alternative diet. The rate of reaching adulthood for the insects was 66.7% on an artificial diet containing 25% acacia leaves. For sustainable mass rearing of nymphs or adults of B. elongatum, a natural diet could be used such as acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), white oak (Quercus aliena), chestnut (Castanea crenata var. dulcis), and bush clover (Lespedeza bicolor), or an alternative diet such as clover or artificial diet.