• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.517-521
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• 2007

To assess possible risks from the consumption of drinking water from various sources, a survey of the microbiological quality of tap water, commercial bottled drinking water which is exploited from natural mineral water, and natural spring water was conducted. A total of 4 different brands of commercial bottled drinking water, and 4 types of spring water from different sources, and tap water from 4 private houses were tested for four index microorganisms, and the microbial quality changes of the water during the storage at room temperature or refrigerated temperature for 7 days. Aerobic plate counts of all of the initial water samples were still within 100 CFU/ml (drinking water standard of Korea). Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli were not detected in all of the water samples at initial. However, aerobic plate counts of three types of spring water and three types of bottled drinking water stored at room temperature showed higher levels than the standards in 5 days. Total coliforms were detected in three types of spring water after one day's storage at room temperature, and in one type of bottled drinking water after 5 days' storage. These results indicate that some of the spring water surveyed are not safe to drink, and the spring water and bottled drinking water after opening the lid should not be stored at room temperature, if they are used for drinking.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.56-68
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• 2013

Community drinking water (CDW), mostly naturally flowing groundwater, plays important roles in supplying drinking water for urban and rural residents in Korea. Over 1,600 CDW facilities are distributed throughout the country, many of them situated in the outskirts of metropolitan cities. A large proportion of Korean people have become dependent on CDW for drinking due to a distrust of piped water's quality and a strong belief in the special medicinal effects of some CDWs. However, administrative and official management and the control of CDW facilities have been inadequate when compared with the strict examination and control of commercial bottled water, which is physically treated groundwater from deep bedrock aquifers. In this study, even though signs of anthropogenic contamination were not generally found, the tested chemical compositions of selected CDWs featured high enrichment of some constituents including Ca, Mg, Na, and HCO3 with natural origins such as water-rock interactions. Careless consumption of particular CDWs, which has no scientific basis, will not guarantee health improvement. Consequently, more intensive management of CDW facilities and a long-term interdisciplinary examination of the health effects of CDWs are needed to effectively protect people's health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Urban Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.439-453
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to evaluate water quality characteristics of main drinking waters in natural parks, for providing the basic information of water quality and to propose the appropriate management method. to maintain the water quality standards. As a result of the analysis, microorganisms were mostly detected in the nature of natural park. And some sites are currently using UV sterilizer and ozone treatment, and it is considered appropriate to extend the use to other main drinking water. It is also good to boil drinking water at home. Turbidity is expected to improve through environmental cleanup. Overall, the main drinking water in the natural park is suitable for water quality standards, and it is considered that maintenance such as cleaning is necessary.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.57-59
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• 2002

Because of the growing demand for protect and maintain one's health, population search for good water increase very rapid in recent. This study was performed to investigate the at 432 sites natural spring water quality in Seoul. Samples for analysis were collected form January to December in 2001. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing fourty items of Korea drinking water criteria. The main results of this study were as follows 1. The rate of natural spring water was 26.6％ and the Total colony, E.Coli and Yersinia of the total incongruence cause was 67.9％ 2. The distribution of phisical-chemical item on the incongruence cause was Residues on evaporation 8.6％, Turbidity 4.3％, Nitrate nitrogen 2.5％, pH 2.5％ and F-1,2％ 3. The most population area of mean drinking population per one day was that man of Gangnam was 312.92 person. Next to Yangcheon Seocho Seodaemun and Dongjak was 229.6, 195.31, 190.50, 190,00 person. 4. The more person and the number of natural spring water, the more non passed drinking criteria natural spring water except for Gangnam and Gangbuk. 5. The corelationship of drinking population and results of the tests do not exist and the corelationship of results and Total colony, E.Coli, Color, Turbidity, KMNO4 consumption, Residues on evaporation, Fe, Mn, Zn and A1 are existed positive relationship.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1988

Natural mineral water is generally quite different from ordinary drinking water due to its original nature and various properties. The complexity of natural mineral water requires, therefore, not only to identify its nature and proper characteristics, but also to classify them by a reasonable scientific basis of comparison. The study was concentrated on a possible classification technique to natural mineral waters by their constitutions and physico-ehemical properties. The classification was carried out by the computation of such numerical parameters as ionic equivalent percentage, electrolytic conductance or mobility, ionic molecular weight, molecular concentration, equivalent conductivity and degree of ionization in consideration of the determinative criteria as follows -particular single element or molecule -major components of natural waters as bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride,caloride, calcium, magnesium, and sodium -moleculat concentration related to blood osmotic pressure -water temperature at emergence from spring -contents of free carbon dioxide (CO2) -pH value of water -total dissolved solids or salts (NaCl) The results obtained proved out to be clearly distinguhhable from ordinary drinking water as far as concern natural mineral water as an example on the subject -simple water -bicarbonate-predominating water -cold spring -carbonated-non gaseous water -weak alkaline water -non saline water Putting these various results together, the sample turned out to be a kind of natural mineral water that can be used as a drinking water if microbiologically safe.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 1993

One hundred and eighty-seven water samples were collected from 23 of spring water, 2 of ground water, 1 of tap water in Pusan area and 3 of natural mineral waters. Total coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and microflora were investigated to evaluate water quality of drinking water. The results were as follows: range and geometric mean value of total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's of spring water were 0~1,500/100 ml, 85/100 ml and 0~460/100 ml, 24/100 ml but coliform group was not detected in the samples of tap water and natural mineral water. Viable cell count of spring water, ground water and tap water were lower as 100 cell than the criteria for drinking water but that of natural mineral water was higher as 6.5X 10$^2$~7.4X 10$^3$ /ml. Predominant speces among the 219 strains isolated from the samples were 19.6% Aeromonas spp., 19.2% Enterobacteriaceae, 16% Acinetobacter spp. Especially, spring water and vessels were contaminated by Hafnia spp. and Providencia Spp, inhabitant of the oral cavity.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2000

The chlorination of municipal drinking water supplies leads to the formation of so-called disinfection by-products(DBPs), many of which have been reported to cause harmful health effects based on animal studies. This study was conducted: 1) to observe seasonal changes in the major DBPs at four sampling sites on a drinking water distribution system located in Chunchon, Kangwon Do; and 2) to examine the effects of major water quality parameters on the formation of DBPs. During the field sampling, the water temperature, pH, and total and free chlorine residuals were all measured. The water samples were then analyzed for total organic carbon(TOC) and eight disinfection by-products in the laboratory. Chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid were the major constituents of the measured DBPs. The concentrations of the total DBPs were highest in fall, particularly in October, and lowest in summer. The concentrations of the total DBPs increased with increasing TOC concentrations. Multiple regression analyses showed that the concentrations of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and chloral hydrate were linearly correlated with the pH. Other water parameters were not included in the regression equations. Accordingly, these results suggest that TOC and pH are both important factors in the formation of DBPs.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2019

Objectives: Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults. Methods: This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with self-selected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium. Results: Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p<0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p<0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p<0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference. Conclusions: One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-5
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• 2011

We surveyed the citizens opinion about springs in Seoul for two years from 2008 to 2009. It was found that spring water was mostly used by citizens older than 50, and that 29.5% of citizens used purified tap water as drinking water, 27.2% of them used boiled tap water, 21.1% of them used spring water, and 12.1% of them used bottled water. Citizens who store spring water more than a day are 76.7%. Although many citizens (70.3%) knew that water quality had been tested, 40% of them didn't care about checking the certificate of water quality analysis. Once recognized that the spring water was unfit for drinking exceeded standard of drinking water, 85% of citizens would rather not use the spring water.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2000

In order to characterize the genetic diversity of bacterial community in groundwater, samples were collected from used for drinking water and polluted with heavy metal wastewater in Seoul city and natural cave of Kangwondo. The DNA was amplified with 165 rDNA-based primers by use of the PCR, and then analysed ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis). Restriction endonuclease analysis patterns of amplified 165 rDNA in drinking water and wastewater relatively showed high genetic diversity in situ and drinking groundwater. The number of DNA fragments varied with in situ and drinking water. This method of ARDRA of bacterial communities in groundwater could be used for a quick assessment of genotypic changes between different locations reflecting different environmental conditions and the diversity reflected pollution of groundwater (natural cave water>drinking water>waste water, as in order of grade). [Genetic diversity, Groundwater, 165 rDNA, PCR, ARDRA].