• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.55-64
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of the clay mineral fortified with complex trace elements by specific fermentation microbes on growth performance and a quality of pork in this study. For the declared experimental animal, 80 heads of crossbred with Large White and Yorkshire were randomly splitted into a control group and a test group. Each group were assigned with 4 replicates and 10 heads of each replicate. When 0.3% of the fermentation product of the clay mineral (FCM) was added into feed stuff and fed for 9 weeks of experimental feeding period, the results of the feed intake, weight gains, pH of carcass, lightness of meat color, and brightness of the muscle semimembranosus were similar to those of the control group. However, dressing percentage, reddishness of carcass, and water holding capacity were improved, respectively, as much as 2.7%, 12%, and 10%, and reduced by 6% in cooking loss. In order to investigate the immune modulatory effect of fermented clay mineral, pheripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and Immune modulatory parameters were measured. The proliferation activity of PBMC from pigs fed the fermented clay mineral were significantly increased compared to control group pigs, and also those results were more clearly observed as activated with lipopolysaccharide and concanavaline A. The secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ of the FCM group pigs showed an increasing tendency. Therefore it was suggested that the feeding of FCM which was high in cation metathesis and the value of infrared ray, activated the immune responses, and thus the production of the environment-friendly high quality pork without the use of antibiotics would be possible.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.97-115
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• 2024

In this paper, a database consisting of the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio test data of clay obtained from 406 groups of triaxial tests is constructed with the starting area of Xiong'an New Area as the research background. The aim is to study the nonlinear dynamic properties of clay in this area under cyclic loading. The study found that the effective confining pressure and plasticity index have certain influences on the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of clay in this area. Through data analysis, it was found that there was a certain correlation between effective confining pressure and plasticity index and dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio, with fitting degree values greater than 0.1263 for both. However, other physical indices such as the void ratio, natural density, water content and specific gravity have only a small effect on the dynamic shear modulus ratio and the damping ratio, with fitting degree values of less than 0.1 for all of them. This indicates that it is important to consider the influence of effective confining pressure and plasticity index when studying the nonlinear dynamic properties of clays in this area. Based on the above, prediction models for the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio in this area were constructed separately. The results showed that the model that considered the combined effect of effective confining pressure and plasticity index performed best. The predicted dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio closely matched the actual curves, with approximately 88% of the data falling within ±1.3 times the measured dynamic shear modulus ratio and approximately 85.1% of the data falling within ±1.3 times the measured damping ratio. In contrast, the prediction models that considered only a single influence deviated from the actual values, particularly the model that considered only the plasticity index, which predicted the dynamic shear modulus ratio and the damping ratio within a small distribution range close to the average of the test values. When compared with existing prediction models, it was found that the predicted dynamic shear modulus ratio in this paper was slightly higher, which was due to the overall hardness of the clay in this area, leading to a slightly higher determination of the dynamic shear modulus ratio by the prediction model. Finally, for the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of the engineering site in the starting area of Xiong'an New Area, we confirm that the prediction formulas established in this paper have high reliability and provide the applicable range of the prediction model.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2010

The soil tests have been performed on the specimens obtained from about 1,150 sites including landslides and non-landslides areas in natural terrains for last 10 years. Based on the results of those tests, the average soil properties are estimated and the simple equations for estimating permeability are proposed according to geologic conditions. The average permeability in Granite and Mudstone sites is higher than other sites and the content of silt and clay in Mudstone and Gneiss sites is higher than other sites. The correlation analysis and the regression analysis were performed to estimate the coefficient of permeability according to geological conditions. As the result of the correlation analysis, the coefficient of permeability is selected as a dependent variable, and the silt and clay contents, the water contents and the dry unit weights are selected as independent variables. As the result of the regression analysis, the silt and clay contents and the void ratio were involved commonly in the linear regression equations according to geological conditions. To verify the proposed the linear regression equations, the measured result of the coefficient of permeability at other sites was compared with the result predicted with the proposed equations. As the result of comparison, there were a little bit different between them for some data. However the difference was relatively small. Therefore, the linear regression equations for estimating the coefficient of permeability according to geological conditions may be applied to Korean soils. However, these equations should be verified and corrected continuously to improve the accuracy.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2014

In order to study the capacities of a new occurrence of Brazilian clay samples as partial replacements of cement, a bentonite sample was selected for utilization in the natural and modified forms for present study. The natural bentonite (BBT) was modified by anchorament of 3-aminopropyltrietoxisilane ($BBT_{APS}$) and 3,2-aminoethylaminopropyltrimetoxisilane (BBTAEAPS) in the surface of component minerals of bentonite sample. The original and organo-bentonite samples were characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopic and textural analyses. The values of micropore area were varying from $7.2m^2g^{-1}$ for the BBT to $12.3m^2g^{-1}$ for the $BBT_{AEAPS}$. The bentonite samples were characterized by the main variable proportion of bentonite in the natural and intercalated forms (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 % by weight of cement) in the replacement mode whiles the amount of cementations material. The workability, density of fresh concrete, and absorption of water decreased as the substitution of ordinary Portland cement by perceptual of natural and modified bentonite increased. The results reveal that workability decreased with decrease of the amount of natural bentonite in the concrete, same behavior is observed for bentonite functionalized, varying from 49 to 28 mm. The energetic influence of the interaction of calcium nitrate in the structure of blends was determined through the calorimetric titration procedure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.855-862
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• 2004

부산점토에 대하여 Wheeler의 경화모형의 적용성을 평가하였다. 이를 위하여 양산지역의 부산점토에 대한 삼축 및 압밀시험 결과가 이용되있으며, 그 모형에 적합한 매개정수들이 결정되있다. 적용결과 예측된 거동은 실험결과와 정량적으로 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났으나, 향후 압밀 및 장기거동 해석등을 위하여 더 많은 연구가 요구된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1999.10c
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• pp.562-568
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• 1999

The model using homogenization technique based on energy concept for the prediction of the failure criterion of staple fiber mixed soil was developed to increase the practice and the application of staple fiber as a reinforcement for improving soft ground and agrictural structures. Parameters of the model are aspect ration and volumetric ocntnet of fiber, cohesion and internal friction angle of soil, adhesiion intercept of soil and fiber. It is judged that the model developed in this study is applicable to the soil composed of clay, silt and sand mixed by linear types of fiber such as steel bar, steel fiber , natural fiber etc..

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2000

The model using homogenization technique based on energy concept for the prediction of the failure criterion of staple fiber mixed soil was developed to increase the practice and the application of staple fiber as a reinforcement for improving soft ground. Parameters of the model are aspect ratio and volumetric content of fiber, cohesion and internal friction angle of soil, adhesion intercept and interface friction angle of soil and fiber. It is considered that the model developed in this study is applicable to the soil composed of clay, silt and sand mixed by thread types of fiber such as steel bar, steel fiber, natural fiber etc.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.13-19
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate characteristics and Pb(II) removal effect of natural Muan, Seosan, Kangjin clays in the batch mode test to develope the low-priced treatment agent of wastewater which contain heavy metals in order structural, optical properties and chemical compositions of natural clays from domestic have been investigated to have high specific surface area and have minerals such as $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$. As a result, removal effects of Pb(II) ions on clays were reached at equilibrium in aqueous solutions by stirring about 20minutes. The removal effect of Pb(II) ions was best for Seosan clay than Muan or Kangjin clays in terms of fixed time. The results show the possibility of continuous treatment system of wastewater which contain heavy metals by using natural clays from domestic.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.626-632
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• 2005

A new bacterium BL-2 excreting a novel cationic polyglucosamine biopolymer was isolated from the spoiled leaves of Chinese cabbage and identified as Enterobacter sp. BL-2. The isolated Enterobacter sp. BL-2 was cultivated in pH-stat fed-batch culture using acetic acid as the feeding stock at pH 8.0, resulting in 17.11 g/l of cells and 1.53 g/l of an extracellular biopolymer after 72 h. The excreted biopolymer was purified by a three-step procedure, involving ethanol precipitation and deproteinizations, to a nearly homogeneous state, and its molecular weight was found to be 106 kDa. It was composed of glucosamine, rhamnose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 86.4:1.6:1.0, respectively, indicating a rarely found novel high-glucosamine-containing biopolymer. The FT-IR and $^{13}C-NMR$ spectra of the novel cationic polyglucosamine biopolymer PGB-l revealed a close identity with chitosan from crab shell. It can effectively flocculate various suspended solids, including kaolin clay, $Ca(OH)_2,\;Al_{2}O_3$, active carbon, microbial cells, and acidic dyes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1998

This study was performed to remove the dissolved benzene in water by using TMA-Zeolite complex which was formed by the adsorption of TMA(Tetramethyl ammonium), a kind of ration surfactant on a natural zeolite produced in Korea. The dorminant clay minerals of the natural zeolite was identified by X-ray diffractometry and Infrared spectrophotometry to be mordenite and clinoptilolite. The CEC of the zeolite used was 95.9 cmol/kg. TMA was adsorbed on natural zeolite very quickly, and the amount of TMA adsorption on zeolite was known to be equivalent to about 8% of the CEC of natrual zeolite. The amount of benzene adsorption on TMA-zeolite complex was much more than natural zeolite, indicating that the dissolved benzene in water could be removed effectively by TMA-zeolite comple.