• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.230-246
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• 2023

The wooden fence(木柵), which began to appear in the Bronze Age and is presumed to be the oldest defense facility in human history, was used as a fortress for the purpose of further strengthening military defense functions until after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 in the Joseon Dynasty(壬辰倭亂). As it was established as the concept of a fortress or a fence installed outside a fence castle(城柵) or barracks fence(營柵), its importance as an essential facility for defense was further highlighted. This study is the result of exploring wooden fence that were used as official facilities during the Joseon Dynasty, focusing on literature surveys such as 『Annals of the Joseon Dynasty』 and 『New Jeungdonggukyeojiseungram』 In this study, in particular, the conclusion of this study is as follows, focusing on the use and function of Nokgakseong(鹿角城), underwater wooden fence, installation methods, and materials of wooden fences, is as follows. The conclusions of this study, which focused on the materials of the wooden fence, are as follows. First, as invasions by foreign enemies became more frequent in the late Goryeo and early Joseon Dynasty, wooden fences played a major role as a major out-of-castle defense facility((防禦施設). In addition, wooden fences were modified and installed into various types such as wooden fences(木柵城), Nokgakseong, a fence made up of large branches in the shape of a deer antler, and underwater wooden fences(水中木柵) according to the circumstances of the times, government policy, and location environment. Second, wooden fences were installed in strategic locations in defense facilities for military purposes, such as mountain fortress(山城), fortresses(營), camps(鎭), forts(堡), and castles(邑城) in strategic locations, and were used for defense in case of emergency. According to the urgency of farming, it was installed in accordance with the non-farming season, when it is easy to mobilize manpower to avoid the busy farming season. The size of the wooden fence of the Joseon Dynasty, which are confirmed through literature records, was converted into Pobaekchuk(布帛尺), and the circumference was very diverse from 4,428chuk(2,066m) to 55chuk(25m). Third, Nokgakseong is an efficient combat support facility that is more aggressive than a general wooden fence, and the records of Nokgakseong in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty appeared during the King Sejong period the record was 20 times, the most. By region, it was found that it was mainly installed in coastal rugged areas such as Pyeongan and Hamgildo(12), which are the 6-jin areas of the 4th Army. Fourth, in the early 15th century, as the royal court established a maritime defense strategy for the coastal area of the southern coast, after the Sampo Invasion(三浦倭亂), riots by Japanese settlers in Sampo in 1510, major military posts including eupseong(邑城), camps, and forts were established. The installation of underwater barriers around various government facilities rapidly increased as a defense facility to block the warships of Japanese pirates around various government facilities. Fifth, between the 15th and 17th centuries before and after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in Sampo, underwater fences were installed in the Southern coast and Ganghwa Island. In particular, in the 15th century, underwater fences were intensively installed in coastal areas of Gyeongsangnam-do, such as Jepo. Pine trees and Oaks are the main materials used for underwater fences, but other materials such as Oldham's meliosma, Loose-flower hornbeam and The vines of arrowroots were also used as materials for wooden fences.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.45
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• pp.147-175
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• 2016

This thesis aims to research ways for the regional balanced development of cartoon creation & production environment being centered in metropolitan area in Korean cartoon industry which has rapidly changed since 2013. As a cartoon can not only be produced with relative lower production cost comparing to those of other cultural contents industries, but also can be produced only if the minimal requirements for cartoon production is prepared, so the cartoon is a field that the decentralization can be accomplished very easily. Currently, most cartoon-relevant companies and cartoon promotion institutions are located in Seoul an Bucheon, etc. However, cartoon artists live nationwide, and even cartoon artists producing their works abroad are reached to a significant number. In some regions like Daejeon, Busan, Suncheon and Gyeongbuk (Gyeongsangbuk-do), there have been appeared full-scale movement to construct regional cartoon creation & production centers since 2015. This thesis aimed to investigate each region's movement to construct cartoon creation & production center with oversea cases, and to check how such movement could be balanced and harmonized with each region's unique features. First of all, this thesis analyzed the status quo of government's policy nurturing the cartoon industry. Korean government's cartoon-promotion policy around the axis of the Cartoon Industry's Mid.Long-Term Development Plan has been developed around the Korea Creative Content Agency and the Korea Manwha(cartoon) Contents Agency in Bucheon, but as the webtoon industry has rapidly grown up, the necessity for building a cartoon promotion institution in each region has been raised since 2015. With the establishment of 4th Cartoon Industry Mid.Long-Term Development Plan to be executed from 2019, it seems that full-scaled support framework for cartoon regional balanced development should be occupied. For the case of foreign countries, cartoon promotion institutions and relevant events have been developed around regions from early times like San-Diego, USA(Comicon), Angouleme, France(National Image Center), Kyoto (Cartoon Museum), Sakaiminato(Misuki Sigeru Road), Japan gave a lot of implications. In the section of conclusion, this study aimed to suggest the importance of and necessity for establishing a cartoon creation & production center in each region appropriately for the region's identity and characteristics with specific plans. Based on that, this thesis aimed to suggest a vision for cartoon & webtoon industry that regional creation & production system can be settled almost only in the cultural contents industry.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-58
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between social education and secondary education of seaside and sea village schools for supporting the successors to fishery. Objects of the study were five groups; 321 fishermen, 107 staff members of a Fishery Guidance Center, 1, 001 students, 306 teachers of sea villages, 193 staff members of a Fishery Cooperative Association. The total number of people being object of this study was 1, 876 persons. The questionaire used for this study was made after preliminary counseling with fishermen in sea villages and teachers in seaside schools. The results of this study are as follow ; 1) About the value of Fishery and successors to Fishery There have been more positive responses than negative ones to the question on the value of fishery. The main reason for positive responses lies in the potentiality for development of fishery but the negative responses are because of the heavy work. 56.8% of the respondents expected an increasing number of successor to fishery, but 43.2% of the respondents had a negative foresight on that problem. The negative respondents stated that the fisherman that moved from the sea villages to the urban areas are responsible for the none increasing numbers of successors to fishery. Most of the respondents answered that government support is needed in order to increase the number of successors to fishery. 2) Social education for Fishermen Only 40% of fishermen know the Fishing Village Guidance Center as the main institute for social education. 94.17% of the respondents prefer plural institutes to single ones. 5.9% of the respondents answered with opposit opinions. 40.4% of the respondents answered that technical teachings has not often been practised. The reason why technical teaching does not often come into effect are as follows; lack of technical expertise, insufficient concern of staff members of the Guidance Center or the Cooperation Association. Also fishermen answered that the Fisherman Guidance Center does not often practise technical education. The Fishery Cooperation Association with its social education for fisherman takes the role of education for the economical way and carries out financial assistance. The relationship between the Fishery Cooperative Association and fishermen is presented satisfactory. However, the frequency of education is not satisfactory. Indifferences between staff members of the Fishery Cooperative Association does not carry out fishery education very often. Also loaned money matters were not satisfactory. 3) Secondary education for Fishery This study showed that it is desirable that the practical course of middle schools in islets and seaside villages take education on fishery ; however, a few schools only take the practical course fishery. Most of the fishery high schools want computer education as a new recommendable course. The students of fishery high schools want computer education as a new recommendable course. The students of fishery high schools have problems with scientific terms in the text books for the practical of fishery high schools have problems with scientific terms in the text books for the practical courses. Over 80% of the respondents agreed that the principals of schools in islets and sea side villages should be men having majored in fishery. 4) The connection between social education and secondary education for fishery a. It is desirable that the principal and vice principal of secondary schools in islets and sea side villages are men majored in fishery. b. It is recommendable that fishery courses are taken as practical courses in fishery village schools for it is helpful to relate between the vocation and the district's special character, as well as to built up relation between the middle school education and the fishery high school education. c. The teachers of fishery high schools and the officials of government offices which are related to fishery should work together to realize a program on teaching various kinds of techniques and give other useful informations to fishermen. d. During the vacations the fishery high school could be used for the social education of fishermen. Seminars on fishery technique and cultural aspects could be held. Especially a spiritual education which is needed for the improvement of the society of fishermen could be achieved by a cultural education. e. On the state level a financial support to raise the number of successors to fishery, a national policy for the betterment of the life of fishermen, as well as active publicity activities are necessary. f. A financial support of the government for raising the number of the successors to fishery is needed. For this purpose a fishery education performed on a state level would be desirable.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.13-29
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution and location factors of startups by generation (young and middle-aged) in Seoul. To this end, a research model was established that included factors of industry, population, and startup institutions by generation in 424 administrative districts using the Seoul Business Enterprise Survey(2018), which includes data on the age group of entrepreneurs. As an analysis method, descriptive statistics were conducted to confirm the frequency, average and standard deviation of startups by generation and major variables in the administrative districts of Seoul, and spatial distribution and characteristics of startups by generation were analyzed through global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis. In particular, the spatial distribution of startups in Seoul was confirmed in-depth by categorizing and analyzing startups by major industries. Afterwards, an appropriate spatial regression analysis model was selected through the Lagrange test, and based on this, the location factors affecting startups by generation were analyzed. The main results derived from the research results are as follows. First, there was a significant difference in the spatial distribution of young and middle-aged startups. The young people started to startups in the belt-shaped area that connects Seocho·Gangnam-Yongsan-Mapo-Gangseo, while middle-aged people were relatively active in the southeastern region represented by Seocho, Gangnam, Songpa, and Gangdong. Second, startups by generation in Seoul showed various spatial distributions according to the type of business. In the knowledge high-tech industries(ICT, professional services) in common, Seocho, Gangnam, Mapo, Guro, and Geumcheon were the centers, and the manufacturing industry was focused on existing clusters. On the other hand, in the case of the life service industry, young people were active in startups near universities and cultural centers, while middle-aged people were concentrated on new towns. Third, there was a difference in factors that influenced the startup location of each generation in Seoul. For young people, high-tech industries, universities, cultural capital, and densely populated areas were significant factors for startup, and for middle-aged people, professional service areas, low average age, and the level of concentration of start-up support institutions had a significant influence on startup. Also, these location factors had different influences for each industry. The implications suggested through the study are as follows. First, it is necessary to support systematic startups considering the characteristics of each region, industry, and generation in Seoul. As there are significant differences in startup regions and industries by generation, it is necessary to strengthen a customized startup support system that takes into account these regional and industrial characteristics. Second, in terms of research methods, a follow-up study is needed that comprehensively considers culture and finance at the large districts(Gu) level through data accumulation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.399-408
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• 2015

Walt Disney World focused on Theme opened in 1955. Many Theme Parks such as Everland had opened in Korea. And also Public Theme Parks were established on purpose of finding cultural identity by province government. Most of the Public Theme Parks made special Theme Images to revive the image characteristics and be stronger public theme. But these creativities of the theme images are struggling by the lack technical ability as well. This study derived several problems from the existing research and current issues and found out the future direction sought. Thus, the public theme images are to lead marketing and operating of public theme park by using storytelling and high tech, and look forward to getting position of the window to the future. In future, we must pay attention to study for creation methods and marketing, and plugging in new technology on public theme images. Continuing studies will support to enlarge the identity and educate traditional history through public theme images and park.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.836-844
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• 2020

In modern society, there is a growing demand for human tissue donation along with organ donation. However, the awareness of tissue donation and actual donation rates remain very low in South Korea. This study was undertaken to evaluate the current status of domestic laws and systems, and to compare them with the operation systems of major foreign countries, by reviewing literature and web sites of organ donation and registration. The authors present three measures to promote human tissue donation in Korea: integration of a dual legal system in a legal aspect, vitalization of the Opt-out system in terms of system operation, and activation of public relations in terms of social and cultural aspects. The Opt-out system, in particular, is the most effective way to activate transplants in the form of presumed consent of countries without undue pressure. However, the presumed consent method requires various stages of social public debate, and the requirement is a proper domestic understanding of the registration system for rejection. In conclusion, we believe the solution towards a positive inclination for organ donation is a public policy to increase the supply for organs and human tissue transplants, and positive perception of donations, public promotion, and support for postmortem donors and their families.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.43
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• pp.47-75
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• 2016

This study has analyzed the history of the subcontract animation in Korea that began with Golden Bat of TBC Animation Division in 1966 to 1980s and shed the light on the history of subcontract animation that has been processed over 30 years in Korean animation. For this purpose, through the outlined status of subcontract animation, such as, production company, production status, scale of industry and so forth, the status of the OEM industry then has been checked and it links the solidified background of animation into subcontract production industry with the situation in time for analysis. In addition, on the basis of the foregoing, it is intended to broaden the horizon of the history of animation through the analysis on new search for facilitating the creative animation by overcoming the issues and limits generated by the subcontract animation industry. 1970s was the time that the national objective is to advance heavy-chemical industry and export-led economic growth. From the late 1970s, the animation has been spot lighted as the main-stream export industry through the overseas subcontract orders for animation. Expansion of the subcontract animation production has been influenced from the national policies on public culture, dispersion of color TV, facilitation of video production market and other media changes of the time that led the decline of animation audiences in theaters, and another cause would be in lack of platform of broadcasting companies that avoided the independent animation production for its economic theory. The subcontract animation industry may have the positive evaluation in the aspect of expanding the animation environment, such as, structuring of animation infra, development of new human resources and etc. However, the technology-incentive 'production'-oriented advancement has created distorted structure in advancing the professional human resources due to the absence of 'pre-production' of planning and others as well as the insufficient perception on 'post production (post work)', and it was unable to formulate domestic market by re-investing the capital accumulated for OEM industry into the production of creative animation and it has been assessed as negative aspect. Animation is a cultural and spiritual product of a country. Therefore, the systematic support policy for the facilitation of the creative animation, such as, development of professional human resources, creation of outstanding work, formation of market to make the pre-circulation structure and so forth has to be sought. However, animation is an industry, but there is no perception that it is a cultural industry based on the creativeness, not hardware-oriented manufacturing business. Such a lack of recognition, there was no policies to make the market and facilitate the creative animation by the animation of Korea for this period through the long-term plan and investment for independent work production. Such an attempt is newly begun through diverse searches for protection and advancement of creative animation in Korea after 1990s.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.355-370
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• 2013

This study was aimed at the married immigrant women and was attempted to provide the basic data of the nursing practice useful in identifying the relationship aspects and the influence of resilience factor and promoting the family adaptation. This study was conducted for the married immigrant women who were located in urban-rural complex area around Daejeon city and in Chungnam region, and the multi-cultural families supporting program of community welfare halls among those who had resided over 1 year in Korea. The data was collected from Feb, 2012 to July, 2012 and in the end, 216 questionnaires were made the subjects of data analysis. For the collected data, frequency analysis, percentage, ANOVA, t-test and correlation analysis were conducted using SPSS, LISREL. The overall index of hypothesis model showed a good congruence like ${\chi}^2$ = .06 (p= .812), df=1, ${\chi}^2$(df)=.06, GFI=1.0, AGFI= 1.0, SRMR=.002, NFI= 1.0, NNFI=1.0, RMSEA=0.000, CN=266. Looking at the results of hypothesis testing suggested by the model, the variables which affected the family adaptation were family stress and parenting stress, while social support, family hardness, problem solving communication, and problem solving coping didn't affect the family adaptation. It is considered that based on the results of this study, nursing intervention which helps the family adaptation of the married immigrant women who are in a crisis situation must be done with a program which can help them have a positive view on the stress situation and reduce the stress happening in the family relationship and parenting.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.81
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• pp.75-121
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• 2017

Maeul Community Media is community media practice that media education combine with community activism based on the region. Maeul Community Media appeared with Seoul city's supporting policy in 2012 and is now enlarging on a national scale beyond Seoul. This study is aimed at understanding and investigating Maeul Community Media activists' practice process by using a grouned theory approach. In-depth interviews were carried out of study participants who worked on as activists based on visual and radio field since 2012. By open coding based on grounded theory, 16 categories and 59 subcategories were discovered. The outcome of axial coding showed the centeral phenomena that can be called 'sustainable desire for Maeul Community Media act'. On the condition of the instability of public support and the absence of a village channel, the strategic practices were discovered, which are diversification of participants recruitment and modes of participation, invention of space-media, seeking multilateral distribution methodologies and the collective action plans of networks to stabilize the management and to empower Maeul Community Media networks. As a result, Maeul Community Media and civil society were networked by discovering and agenda-setting pending issues. And we could find that the desire and expectation for the role as a village's public sphere were enlarging.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.227-227
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• 2015

The Wairarapa Valley occupies a predominantly rural area in the lower North Island of New Zealand. It supports a mix of intensive farming (dairy), dry stock farming (sheep and beef cattle) and horticulture (including wine grapes). The valley floor is traversed by the Ruamahanga River, the largest river in the Wellington region with a total catchment area of 3,430 km2. Environmental, cultural and recreational values associated with this Ruamahanga River are very high. The alluvial gravel and sand aquifers of the Wairarapa Valley, support productive groundwater aquifers at depths of up to 100 metres below ground while the Ruamahanga River and its tributaries present a further source of water for users. Water is allocated to users via resource consents by Greater Wellington Regional Council (GWRC). With intensifying land use, demand from the surface and groundwater resources of the Wairarapa Valley has increased substantially in recent times and careful management is needed to ensure values are maintained. This paper describes the approach being taken to manage water resources in the Wairarapa Valley and redefine appropriate limits of sustainable water use. There are three key parts: Quantifying the groundwater resource. A FEFLOW numerical groundwater flow model was developed by GWRC. This modelling phase provided a much improved understanding of aquifer recharge and abstraction processes. It also began to reveal the extent of hydraulic connection between aquifer and river systems and the importance of moving towards an integrated (conjunctive) approach to allocating water. Development of a conjunctive management framework. The FEFLOW model was used to quantify the stream flow depletion impacts of a range of groundwater abstraction scenarios. From this, three abstraction categories (A, B and C) that describe diminishing degrees of hydraulic connection between ground and surface water resources were mapped in 3 dimensions across the Valley. Interim allocation limits have been defined for each of 17 discrete management units within the valley based on both local scale aquifer recharge and stream flow depletion criteria but also cumulative impacts at the valley-wide scale. These allocation limits are to be further refined into agreed final limits through a community-led decision making process. Community involvement in the limit setting process. Historically in New Zealand, limits for sustainable resource use have been established primarily on the basis of 'hard science' and the decision making process has been driven by regional councils. Community involvement in limit setting processes has been through consultation rather than active participation. Recent legislation in the form of a National Policy Statement on Freshwater Management (2011) is reforming this approach. In particular, collaborative consensus-based decision making with active engagement from stakeholders is now expected. With this in mind, a committee of Wairarapa local people with a wide range of backgrounds was established in 2014. The role of this committee is to make final recommendations about resource use limits (including allocation of water) that reflect the aspirations of the communities they represent. To assist the committee in taking a holistic view it is intended that the existing numerical groundwater flow models will be coupled with with surface flow, contaminant transport, biological and economic models. This will provide the basis for assessing the likely outcomes of a range of future land use and resource limit scenarios.