• 복식문화연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

This study is to reconsider the symbolic potential of the costume by investigating the role of cloth in Indian culture, noting the fact that Indians wore hand-woven cloth and adopted a flag with the spinning wheel in the center as part of their nationalistic programs for independence. The results are as follows; The Indian cotton industry had held the fist position in the world and spinning and weaving had been an Indian national industry until the early part of the 19th century. As for the Indian cotton industry under the rule of Britain, Indian was reduced to being a colony producing raw materials and a market of cheap British finished goods, and eventually fell into anarchy with economic poverty of the general public and peasants'uprising mixed with the complaint of the intellectuals. The Indian National Movement started as a resort to escape the British rule because of continuous poverty and social exhaustion, and its pivot was Gandhi. Gandhi launched a revolutionary noncooperation movement in Indian society with diverse races, religions and castes, and developed nation-wide campaigns such as Boycott, Swadeshi, the encouragement of spinning wheels, etc. Gandhi urged that Indians' weak identity and poverty were caused by the dissolution of their native craft and that the Indians should wear Indian products for economic independence. Accordingly, leaders of Indian National Congress regarded a spinning wheel as an economic necessity and national symbol, and approved manual spinning and weaving as part of their nationalistic programs in order to drew the general public to the nationalistic movement in 1920. They also decided that all Congressmen should wear hand-woven cloth, Khadi, and adopted spinning wheels as the logo type of Indian National Congress. Khadi, Indian national cloth, was a symbol of national unification, freedom and equality, and also a means of economic self-sufficiency, Swadeshi, and eventually led India to autonomy, Swaraji. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cloth converted Indias economic and political identity.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제14권6_1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2014

중국은 광대한 영토와 다양한 민족, 종교, 그리고 문화 등이 공존하고 있다. 이러한 중국은 민족, 종교, 자원 등의 갈등으로 인하여 테러리즘 위협에 직면해 있다. 중국은 2011년 10월 29일 제11대 전국인민대표대회 상무위원회에서 반(反)테러리즘 업무강화와 관련한 결정(決定)을 하였다. 이 연구는 중국의 반(反)테러리즘 관련 결정과 미국, 영국, 독일의 대(對)테러리즘 관련법을 분석 및 평가하였다. 미국, 영국, 독일의 대(對)테러리즘 관련법은 크게 사전예방(事前豫防)과 사후진압(事後鎭壓) 측면, 대인적(對人的)과 대물적(對物的) 측면으로 구분하여 제정하였고, 대(對)테러리즘 관련 국가기관의 권한(權限)과 역할(役割)도 재조정(再調整)하였으며, 대(對)테러리즘 관련법 내용도 명시적이고 구체적이며 체계적이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 중국의 반(反)테러리즘 관련 결정은 사전예방(事前豫防) 진압(鎭壓), 대인(對人) 대물적(對物的), 국가기관(國家機關)의 권한과 역할 등에 대한 한계가 있다. 이 연구에서는 중국이 향후에 반(反)테러리즘 관련법을 제정함에 있어, 외국의 대(對)테러리즘 관련법에 대한 시사점을 검토하였고, 개정된 중국 형법의 테러리즘 관련 범죄에 관한 규정을 반(反)테러리즘 관련 결정과 어떻게 접목할 것인가를 논의하였다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.47-80
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• 2018

보스니아는 '데이턴 평화안(Dayton Peace Agreement)'에 따라 '1국가 2체제(One State-Two Systems)'란 독특한 정치, 사회적 구조를 지니고 있다. 1995년 내전 종결 이후 보스니아내 민족 문제와 평화 정착은 단순히 발칸 반도란 지엽적 차원을 뛰어넘어 유럽 전체의 광역 개념을 지니며 관심을 받아온 게 사실이다. 보스니아는 통상 유럽에서 대표적인 '종교와 문화의 모자이크(A Mosaic of Religion and Culture)'지역이며, 유럽의 다양한 종교-문화적 특징이 한데 모인 수도 사라예보(Sarajevo)는 '유럽의 예루살렘(Jerusalem in Europe)'으로 불린다. 이런 이유로 중세 이후로 보스니아는 갈등과 충돌의 역사를 반복해 왔다. 하지만, 20세기말 민족 간 내전을 겪기 이전까지 이 지역은 '동 서양의 종교와 문화, 다양한 민족 간 조화와 화합'의 경험 또한 지녀왔던 게 사실이다. EU 등 국제 사회는 보스니아 재건과 평화 정착을 추진하면서 이 점에 주목하여 왔다. 그리고 오늘날 보스니아에서 그 조화와 화합의 역사를 다시 회복하기 위해 노력 중에 있다. 본 연구에서는 내전 종결 20주년을 맞이해 과거 갈등 사례에 초점을 맞추었던 기존 일반적 연구 틀을 벗어나 보스니아 평화 정착과 민족 간 화합에 필요한 다음과 같은 세 가지 요소들을 제시하고 그 실천적 사례들을 분석해 보고자 한다: 첫째, 국제 사회의 적극적 개입과 지속적 관심을 의미하는 '보스니아의 EU 가입 추진', 둘째, 2017년 12월 ICTY 임무 종료를 통한 '전범 문제 해결 및 과거사 청산', 셋째, 스레브레니짜 학살 사건 재조명을 통한 '국제 사회 반성과 세르비아의 역사 화해 추진'.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제30집
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• pp.95-130
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• 2018

구원론은 종교가 제시하는 치유, 해방, 구원 등의 교리체계로 인간의 실존적 고통을 보상하고 해결하고자 하는 신념체계이다. 본 연구는 한국 신종교 중 하나인 대순진리회의 구원론을 살펴보아 그 교리체계를 이해하며 그 특성을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 대순사상의 구원론의 증산의 천지공사론과 밀접한 관련을 맺는다. 천지공사론은 지고신인 증산께서 인간의 몸으로 화현하여 세계와 창생을 구하기 위한 종교적 작업을 하였다는 교리체계이다. 또 대순사상의 구원론은 증산-정산-우당으로 계승되는 종통론과 연결되어 있다. 증산의 구원의 작업은 정산에 이르러 수행법으로 체계화 되고 우당에 이르러 구현된다. 곧 대순진리회의 신도들은 증산의 유지와 정산께서 세우신 진법 그리고 우당의 인도하심에 따라 수행할 때 도통에 이를 수 있다고 신앙한다. 이러한 대순사상의 구원론은 기존의 종교전통과는 다른 독특한 차별점을 지니고 있다. 첫째, 인격적 지고신에 의한 구원을 제시한다는 특성을 보인다. 둘째, 증산께서 우주 법칙을 변화시켜 세계와 창생이 구원될 수 있는 기틀을 마련하셨다는 점이다. 마지막으로 원한을 푸는 해원의 원리를 통해 세계와 창생을 구원한다는 논리이다.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제25_1집
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• pp.25-85
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• 2015

In this study, source criticism (an establishment of authentic text) of the Hyun-Mu Sutra(玄武經) among different editions is studied and an attempt of a new interpretation appropriate to that is attempted. The Hyun-Mu Sutra, a scripture written in 1909, began to communicate with the world through the religions of Jeungsanism. In particular, it was remarkable that The Hyun-Mu Sutra was absorbed as canon textbooks Jeonkyung(典經), the Scriptures of Daesoonjinrihoe, The Fellowship of Daesoon Truth(大巡眞理) from a loner and secret pull-out of heritage traditions. However, this scripture though written in 1909 and more than 100 years has passed, remained in a state unestablished authentic text. The Hyun-Mu Sutra is the scripture consisted of 25 pages by the religions of Jeungsanism[Gang Il-sun 姜一淳(1871~1909)]. 33 page type of Hyun-Mu Sutra has been distributed in the world until now the authentic text of The Hyun-Mu Sutra. However, as a result of the examination, diagnostic scripture(病勢文) was found to have been added by descendants. After a review of authentic text of The Hyun-Mu Sutra, it concluded that there is no diagnostic scripture in primary The Hyun-Mu Sutra. Though The Hyun-Mu Sutra is a booklet of a small amount, the notation and expression is so unique, it has been in secrecy to read its contents. Interpretation way of The Hyun-Mu Sutra up to now can be summarized in two as follows. 1) approaches by I-ching 2) approaches by ten celestrial stemps and twelve earthly branches(10干12支). Approaches by I-ching among this sometimes was supplemented with Buddhist classification methods. Nevertheless, these studies can be evaluated limited because it fails to secure authentic text of The Hyun-Mu Sutra. In this study, the contents of The Hyun-Mu Sutra was examined itemized by focusing on the following four points. 1) The icon of The Hyun-Mu Sutra(玄武經符) is similar as normal talisman(符籍) but it has other features. 2) 'Reverse Fonts'(反書體)[the opposite view of the standard fonts(正書體), reflected in the mirror fonts] and size or location used in text is not in uniform. 3) letters in scripture were pointed and points were stamped in the left and upper and lower characters. 4) "Spiritual poem" (詠歌, the Korean traditional music with a view of elegance as an origin of eco), and the music with the Five-Sounds[宮Gung, 商Sang, 角Gak, 徵Chi, 羽Wu) were related. As a result, content analysis of The Hyun-Mu Sutra is carried out in the next four points. 1) The icon of The Hyun-Mu Sutra (玄武經符) has been primarily developed by Jeungsan. 2) 'Reverse Fonts'(反書體)[the opposite view of the standard fonts(正書體), reflected in the mirror fonts] and reverse location such as '宙宇' [the reverse of '宇宙'] represents based on a new world based on a forward and reverse I-ching(正易). 3) Dot and neighbor points is a symbolic map that guides the position of lateral new world(後天) and era(人尊) 4) Spiritual poem is the entrance to achieve the Realization of Do(道通). The above can be considered as the results of this study.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제25_2집
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• pp.103-136
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• 2015

The theory of post-heaven provided Korea's many emerging national religions with spiritual ground. The I Ching originated in China emphasizes the principles of change or static aspects of world, while Right I Ching, which Il-Bu Kim suggested, underlines dynamic aspects of world. Il-Bu Kim is perceived to open a new stage in the history of philosophy of I Ching in this regard. His most remarkable contribution is the view of Great Opening Era of Post-Heaven, according to which the clock of cosmos shows the era of great change from Pre-Heaven to Post-Heaven and in the world of Post-Heaven everything will take its proper place. As to human society, Il-Bu Kim foresaw the change from disharmony to harmony, imbalance to balance and era of xiaoren to that of junzi. The advent of such a new world, however, asks human's moral revolution as a prerequisite. In the tradition of East Asian thought, human is the center of the Samjae, Heaven-Earth-Human and the only being which could participate in the growth of Heaven and Earth. Without the change of human mind, however, human can neither participate in the growth of Heaven and Earth nor expect the right change of Heaven and Earth. Even though the world of nature changes according to the principle of cosmic harmony, as the Right I Ching predicts, the real change of Heaven and Earth can be achieved only with moral change of human. The human in the Right I Ching is a free man who sticks to nothing and communicates with cosmos with empty mind. This is the very image of perfect man(至人). The perfect man in the Right I Ching is the main agent of everything, that's to say, the main agent of the great opening to Post-Heaven Era. This is the reason why most leaders of Koran emerging religions concentrate on the change of human. In this regard, Jeung-San Kang encouraged people to become the perfect man through the purification of mind and body and the great opening of inner man, depending on the metaphysical principle of the Right I Ching. Cheok and Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficence of all life are what he suggested as a method of the great opening of inner man. Such a view is based on the thought that the accumulated sinful behaviors are obstacles to cosmic change and the time of mutual beneficience opens with the removal of the obstacles. If such religious practices are so effective, as Jeung-San Kang says, that future world could consist of perfect men who have achived the great opening of inner man, moral change, and change of consciousness, we could expect that the activities of xiaoren will be shrinked and junzi will be welcomed, as the Right I Ching predicts.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2013

Cleft lip is a common congenital facial deformity which might cause speech, hearing, appearance, and psychological disorder. For the purpose of appropriate management for the cleft lip patients according to their individual situations, reviews of the historical evolution for the cleft lip treatment were summarized. More than 15 English written articles with 4 related historical books were reviewed, and the chronology of the cleft lip management from ancient to recent twenty first century, via middle ages and Renaissance, were summarized. Multifactorial causes of cleft lip, before the modern understanding of embryological background of it, most management of cleft lip has been explained under the basis of religions and/or superstitions. As the anatomic and embryologic knowledges were known and revealed, various misconceptions were corrected continously, and the simple closure of the lip defect was also evoluted to the applications of plastic concept. Recently, cosmetic outcomes with functional results, such as speech, hearing, psychological status, have been considered importantly, under the multidiciplinary care system. For the better understanding of cleft lip management as a routine esthtetic and funtional reconstructive procedure, the various historical treatment trends were reviewed and summarized as time goes on. This review presentation will discuss the appropriate management for cleft lip patients.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.3-44
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• 2006

Arbitration, which involves a final determination of disputes, has elements of the judicial process. Although an alternative to formal court litigation, it does not replace it in all aspect, but rather coexists with court procedure as an adjunct and part of administering justice. As the international trade has the basic problems of business managed between the parties of other countries having different laws, customs, cultures, currencies and religions. It has been known that these defects caused the commercial disputes and suspended economic fluence in world economic development through the foreign business. The United Nations launched 'the United Nations Convention on the Enforcement and Recognition of the Foreign Arbitral Awards' in 1958 to give effect to the international commercial arbitration. However, the convention has the limitation in excluding the legal obstacles originated from domestic arbitration systems of every states. As the result, the UN succeeded in making world wide arbitration law named 'The UN Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration' in 1983 and recommended all member countries to accept it to revise their domestic arbitration laws thereafter. Korea revised national arbitration law accepting 100% of the model law in 2000. In this respect korea became to have the international dispute settlement system. Korea will be able to settle more business disputes arisen from the international trade and enjoy the world credibility through the new arbitration system.

• Architectural research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2015

For more than 100 years, American skyscrapers got along with the change of Modern architecture. However, high-rise building can not be regarded anymore as a monopoly of America. The purpose of this study is to clarify the aesthetic characteristics of Asian high-rise buildings. Basic concepts on the aesthetic and artistic expression of high-rise building have been discussed, emphasizing the importance of artistic characteristic. A brief introduction on the rise of Asian high-rise buildings also summarized in terms of changing trends for decades from 1970s. Among the 75 buildings in Asian countries out of 100 tallest buildings in the world, 10 buildings are selected to clarify the artistic characteristics which can be presented as an Asian trend in 21st century. The results can be summarized as follows; It was from 1990s that the Asian high-rise buildings began to express a specific regional aesthetics as a trend of post-modernism. Conventional ideas, traditional objects, and regional shapes and patterns are good instruments to successfully represent their national prides. Religions in Chinese and Islamic culture are popular motifs in Asian countries as well as feng shui and conventional idea of five primary elements. Traditional objects like pagoda and minaret are good precedents that can provide friendly recognized vertical objects. Many other interesting cases can be found referring to the traditional shapes and patterns like Chinese character, geometric pattern, Islamic sign, etc.

• 종양간호연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.199-209
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of prayer in Christian patients with breast cancer. Methods: Data collection and analysis were conducted by the Colaizzi analysis of phenomenological method. Data were collected by in-depth interviewing the participants and by further follow-up observations. Sixteen patients participated in this study. Results: The significant statements (188), formulated meanings (42), themes (38), clusters of theme (10), and categories (5) were emerged. The 5 categories were as follows: communication with God, healing and peace, spiritual growth, distrust in prayer, and method of prayer. Conclusion: Further studies need to consider the period of faith, comparison between christian and other religions, and length of diagnosis. A better understanding of the meaning of prayer will lead to a more comprehensive view of the spiritual care for patients with breast cancer, and can lead to guidelines for assessment and intervention to reduce suffering from cancer.