• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.184-192
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• 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revolutionized the vaccine market and initiated the momentum for alternative routes of administration for vaccines. The intranasal route of immunization is one such possibility that appears to be the most promising since it has some significant advantages, particularly in the prevention of respiratory infection. To analyze and summarize the role of nasal vaccines over conventional vaccines during COVID-19 and the need for the nasal vaccine as a booster shot. In this narrative review, the required data was retrieved using keywords "COVID-19," "Intranasal," "Immunity," "Nasal spray," and "Mucosal" in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, and Web of Sciences. The results of the study showed that the nasal vaccines were both effective and protective according to the current researches approaching during the COVID-19 period and the preclinical and clinical phase trials prove the intranasal vaccination elicits more robust and cross-protective immunity than conventional vaccines. In this narrative review article, mechanisms across the nasal mucosa will be briefly presented and the current status of nasal vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic is summarized, and advantages over traditional vaccines are provided. Furthermore, after exploring the primary benefits and kinetics of nasal vaccine, the potential for consideration of nasal vaccine as a booster dose is also discussed.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2004

This study was aimed to investigate the feasibility of nasal delivery of caffeine for the elimination of sleepiness. The effects of various vehicles, solubilizers, and enhancers on the permeation of caffeine through rabbit nasal mucosa was observed. The permeation study was carried out using a Franz-type permeation system at $37^{\circ}C$, and the amount of caffeine permeated though the rabbit nasal mucosa was determined by a validated HPLC. The apparent solubility and phys iochemical stability of caffeine in various nasal formulations were was determined. The effect of hydrotropes and modified cyclodextrins on the solubility of caffeine in water was determined by equilibrium solubility method. The solubility of caffeine in water was 29 mg/mL at $30^{\circ}C$. The addition of sodium benzoate and nicotinamide at 10% improved the solubility of caffeine (115 and 132 mg/mL, respectively) in aqueous solution. The flux of caffeine though the nasal mucosa from aqueous solution was $2.1{\pm}0.26\;mg/cm^2/hr$. The addition of sodium benzoate reduced its permeation $(1.4{\pm}0.01\;mg/cm^2/hr)$, but sodium benzoate with 5% $2HP{\beta}CD$ and 0.03% monoterpenes increased its permeation $(2.4{\pm}0.04\;mg/cm^2/hr)$ markedly. The addition of nicotinamide also increased also increased its permeation $(2.5{\pm}0.36\;mg/cm^2/hr)$. markedly. As the concentration of caffeine in nasal formulation increased, the permeation flux increased linearly. Caffeine was stable physicochemically and enzymatically in the nasal mucosa extract at $37^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that caffeine can be efficiently delivered nasally and the development of nasal formulation will be feasible.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.62-89
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of topical nasal application of Herbal medicine compared with Western medicine in the treatment of Allergic Rhinitis(AR). Methods : Electronic databases including Cochrane library, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, KMBASE, KISS, NDSL, OASIS, KISS and KJTK(Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal) were searched by the keywords such as 'allergic rhinitis', 'nasal sprays', 'herbal medicine', 'plant extracts', and 'external application'. The quality of each RCTs was assessed by Cochrane Collaboration of 'Risk of bias(RoB) Tool'. Results : 19 RCTs were finally selected from 1419 references screened. 19 RCTs were compared with the effects of topical nasal application of Herbal medicine and Western medicine. Based on the symptom scores from 13 RCTs, topical nasal application of herbal medicine generally has a better effect on relief of AR. The two treatments have similar effects on improving the level of specific factors like IgE, IgG, IL-13, $uLTD_4$ in blood and urine. 8 RCTs showed adverse effects(AEs) in both groups and severe AEs were not reported. Conclusions : This study shows that topical nasal application of herbal medicine can improve symptoms and related factors of allergic rhinitis. Well-designed RCT studies with low risk of bias should be conducted to confirm these findings.