• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1853-1857
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• 2008

Salmonella contamination in chicken meat was studied with 100 chicken meat samples purchased from 55 shops located in various regions. A total of 21 isolates of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 21 chicken meat samples from four shops located at open markets, whereas there were none from supermarkets with well-equipped cold systems. Among these, 18 isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Haardt (S. Haardt) and three isolates were S. enterica serotype Muenchen. When the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the S. Haardt isolates were assayed with the agar dilution method to determine susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid, all 18 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid and nine of these were resistant to ampicillin. These isolates showed reduced susceptibility to eight fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin. When quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA and gyrB were sequenced, every isolate had the same missense mutation Ser83$\rightarrow$Tyr (TCC$\rightarrow$+TAC) in gyrA, whereas no mutation was found in gyrB. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with XbaI revealed a close relationship among these isolates, suggesting a contamination of raw chicken meat with clonal spread of nalidixic acid-resistant and quinolone-reduced susceptibility S. Haardt in chickens. Results in this study show the importance of a well-equipped cold system and the prudent use of fluoroquinolone in chickens to prevent the occurrence of quinolone-resistant isolates.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1980

Antimicrobial susceptibility of 157 Gram-negative bacilli (90 Escherichia coli. 30 Enterobacter aerogenes, 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 12 Proteus spp., 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 4 Alcaligenes faecalis) isolated from infected bovine udders was determined by the plate dilution method. Gentamicin and oxolinic acid at a concentration of $12.5{\mu}g/ml$ were very active to all of 157 Gram-negative bacilli tested, and 98% of these strains were susceptible to nalidixic acid at a concentration of $25{\mu}g/ml$. Most of the 90 Escherichia coli strains were inhibited by chloramphenicol, ampicillin and carbenicillin and carbenicillin at a concentration of $12.5{\mu}g/ml$. None of the Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were inhibited at a concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$ of ampicillin and carbenillin, whereas all the species of Proteus resisted a concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$ or higher tetracycline. All the 3 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were highly resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin, Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and nalidixic acid.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.727-730
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• 1999

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.98-102
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• 1995

The crystal structure of -Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-7-methyl-1,8-naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid [Nalicixic Acid] has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction study; C12H12N2O3, monoclinic, P21/c, a=8.910(2)Å, b=13.145(3)Å, c=9.370(3)Å, β =100.06(2)°, V=1080.6Å, T=293K, Z=4, CuKα(λ=1.5418Å). The molecular structure was solved by direct method and refined by full-matrix least squares to a final R=0.055 for 1555 unique observed [F0>4σ(F0)] reflections and 166 parameters. The conformation of the molecule is stabilized by an intramolecular O(17)-H(17)…O(14) hydrogen bond [2.525(2)Å, 144.3(10)°].

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1986.12a
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• pp.514.3-515
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• 1986

λP$_{L}$ promoter와 Infiuenza virus의 NS1 Structural gene이 있는 pASl EH801 plasmid를 E. coli host N5' 과 AR120에 각각 transformation하여 온도와 nalidixic acid로 각각 induction 하여 보았다 N5151의 경우, O.D.600 1.2에서 42$^{\circ}C$로 induction하였을 때 maximum productivity를 보였으며 AR120의 경우는 O. D. 600 1.2, 37$^{\circ}C$, 40$\mu\textrm{g}$ nalidixic acid/$m\ell$ induction 하였을 때 maximum yield를 보여주었다. 이때 pH, DO, temperature, $O_2$%, $CO_2$%를 A/D converter통해 computer에 연결시켜 data acquision을 한 결과, 접종 후 ON-line induction이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 1989

One hundred and sixteen strains of E. coli isolated from drainage in Seoul city in 1987 and 104 strains of E. coli isolated from stools of domestic animals in suburb of Seoul in 1987 were examined for susceptibilities to 10 antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. The susceptibilities of the two groups to each antimicrobial agent were compared and correlations in the antimicrobial susceptibility of the 220 strains of E. coli among the 10 antimicrobial agents were also analyzed. The frequency of resistance strains was highest to tetracycline with 77%, and followed by chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin and cephalosporin in the descreasing order, tanging from 62% to 10%. Strains resistant to tobramycin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin and amikacin occupied 3 strains, 2 strains, 2 strains and 1 strain respectively.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1999

MIC test of 16 chemotherapeutic agents was performed on 24 isolates of Edwardsiella tarda collected from flounders. They revealed resistance against combinations of ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, flumequine, doxycycline(DOXY), nalidixic acid, novobiocin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline(OTC), thiamphenicol(TP) and sulfonamide. Two strains carried transferable R plasmid encoding Otc Kanamycin Tp and Otc chloramphenicol Doxy Tetracycline Tp, respectively. The R plasmids were not similar each other on the basis of their digestion pattern of restriction endonuclease, suggesting distribution of different transferable R plasmid among E. tarda from flounders.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.451-455
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• 1997

The effects of nalidixic acid, mitomycin C, and cadmium chloride $(CdCI_2)$ on the activity of 8-hydroxyguanine $(oh^8Gua)$ endonuclease, a DNA repair enzyme for oxidatively modified guanine, $(oh^8Gua$ were studied. Nalidixic acid and mitomycin C, typical inducers of the S0S DNA repair response in E. coli, showed different effects. Nalidixic acid raised the activity of this enzyme, but mitomycin C did not show such an effect. Cadmium chloride also induced the enzyme activity, These results show that the expression of $oh^8$ Gua endonuclease is regulated by multiple factors and can be induced under stressful conditions. In an attempt to demonstrate the importance of this enzyme in defense against DNA damage and mutagenesis, we also characterized mutM mutant for its oh8 Gua endonuclease activity. The mutM mutant showed no detectable $oh^8$ Gua endonuclease activity, unlike its wild type showing high activity. In addition, paraquat, a superoxide producing compound, failed to elevate $oh^8Gua$ endonuclease activity in this mutant. These results suggest that the mutM gene is identical to the $oh^8Gua$ endonuclease gene of E. coli. Taken together with previous reports, these results suggest that $oh^8Gua$ endonuclease plays a crucial role in the protection of aerobically growing organisms from threats of oxidative DNA damage and mutation.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 1986

On hundred and forty stains of shigella cultures isolated from the twelve hygiene laboratories of cities and provincial general hospital laboratories in 1983 were tested for their resistance to thirteen antimicrobial drugs and their R-plasmid transfer. Antimicrobial drugs were used amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, rifampicin, streptamycin, tetracycline, tobramycin, cefoperazone and piperacillin. All strains were resistant to one or more of thirteen antimicrobial drugs but 94.3% were susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin of total isolated. The most strains commonly found resistance was to chloramphenicol (94%) followed by streptamycin (93%), tetracyline (92%) piperacillin (90%) ampicillin (83%), cefoperazone (42%), nalidixic acid (14%), cephalothin (17%), rifampicin (22%) and kanamycin (6%), sixty percent of strains among 140 were resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline at the same time. The transfer of drug resistance by conjugation was tested and ninety four strains (94.3%) were resistant to one or more drugs were found to transfer their drug resistance of E. coli. percentage of transfer frequency by conjugation was one strains (54%), the transfer frequency of drug resistance varied by donor strains and recipients, but not by selecting drugs. Resistance to nalidixic acid was not transferred by conjugation to recipients. Percentage of plasmid curing after the treatment of acriflavine, acridine orange was about 8%. Among strains cured two strains were tested compare original strains with them in biochemical properties in arginine dihydrolase and arabinose fermentation reaction. It was found to growth curves of No.2 shigella flexneri, serotype 1b, and its derivatives cured with acriflavine in $M{\ddot{u}}ller$ Hinton broth medium (pH 7.4, $38^{\circ}C$) by temperature Gradient Biophoto Recorder TN-1120 (Tokyo, Japan).

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2011

Effects of temperature ($13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$) on the pharmacokinetic properties of nalidixic acid (NA) and piromidic acid (PA) were studied after oral administration to cultured black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Serum concentrations of NA and PA were determined using HPLC-UV detector after a single dosage of 60 mg/kg body weight. At $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA and PA, which attained at 24 h post-dose, were 5.87 and $0.43\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. At $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA and PA, which attained at 10 h post-dose, were 6.22 and $1.57\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Better absorption of PA was noted at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ compared to $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$. However, absorption of NA was not affected significantly by temperature. The elimination of NA and PA from serum of black rockfish was considerably faster at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ than at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of NA and PA in serum were analyzed by fitting to a one compartment model, with WinNonlin program. The AUC, $T_{1/2}$, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$, respectively, were: $161.25\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.15 h, 12.29 h and $8.91\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, and $134.12{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.18 h, 8.79 h and $5.00\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ with NA; $41.57\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.58 h, 8.24 h and $0.21\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, and $40.36\;{\mu}g{\cdot}h/ml$, 0.59 h, 5.04 h and $1.20\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ with PA.