• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.673-690
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• 2015

This study is to consider the geographical images of Nakdong River region represented in the Modern Poetry. The findings are as follows. First, the change aspect of the poetry around Nakdong River area shows the social phenomenon of population movement, economic deprivation symptoms, the Korean War, economic development plans, the industrialization and spatial inequalities, environmental problems and environmental poetry, and various environmental issues, etc. Second, the poetry about Nakdong River can be classified by geographical area, showing a humanistic geographical image of the sense of place, natural geographical images about geomorphology and climate, and regional development and environmental pollution. Finally, the large number of poetry describes the beautiful terrain and the sense of place of poet, among ones targeting the upsteam of Nakdong River. The one in middle and downstream areas, however, reflected the reality and was social criticism mostly. This is because that, compares to the upstream, many large cities are distributed in the downstream area and the river becomes increasingly contaminated as it flows to the downstream.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.533-542
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• 2023

Understanding the regional distribution of swans in the lower Nakdong River area is also important for the continuous habitat of swans according to changes in the surrounding environment of the area. This study was conducted to understand the regional distribution aspect of swans (Cygnus spp.) downstream of the Nakdong River, Republic of Korea, from October 2013 to September 2018. In the estuary, a small ship was used to move along a certain route and observe it with the naked eye or binoculars, and in the land area, Line transect census and Point census method were conducted in parallel. During this period, two species and 34,647 individuals of swans were observed, including 34,356 Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus) and 291 Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus). The average number of individuals observed in 15 different areas was 1172, 103, 214, 1825, 1850, 13, 318, 1, 0, 1, 11, 21, 5, 0, and 239 respectively. The total average of the number of individuals in these areas was 384.76. The numbers differed significantly among the survey areas (Kruskal-Wallis test, X2=4349.01, P < 0.001). Particularly, the numbers were larger in Eulsukdo, Lower Eulsukdo, and Daemadeung than in the other regions. In conclusion, as long-term survey data, it can be used as basic data to analyze the distribution of swans due to environmental changes caused by the development of the Nakdong River, predict changes in the habitat status of migratory birds, and prepare measures necessary for preservation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.415-421
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• 2003

Chlorophyll-a and its degradation products (pheopigment) contained in the sediment were determined to evaluate the eutrophication status in the downstream of Nakdong River. The chlorophyll-a and pheopigment concentrations of sediment ranged 11-646 mg $\mu \textrm m^{-2}$ (mean 172 mg $\mu \textrm m^{-2}$) and 48-1,564 mg $\mu \textrm m^{-2}$ (mean 454 mg $\mu \textrm m^{-2}$) over 11 sampling stations of the Nakdong River. The chloropigment concentrations in this local area were higher than other values reported previously and this river waters showed hypertrophic status in view of sedimentary chloropigment. Total chloropigment standing crops of sediment, which are the residuals after the longterm degradation, were 2.2-3.6 fold higher than chlorophyll-$\alpha$ contents of overlying water. The amounts of chloropigments of sediment suggest a large contribution of phytoplankton to the sediment. While chloropigment standing crops are evaluated with organic-C and nitrogen contents, the algal contribution to the carbon and nitrogen pool of the sediment were estimated to be approximately 30% and 40%, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 1999

The relationship between primary productivity and changes in water quality was investigated at Mulgum station, a site downstream of the Nakdong River, Korea. Phytoplankton production was characterized by blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa during the summer and Stephanodiscus hantzschii during the winter. Primary production and secondary production by bacterioplankton ranged from 1.5~53.5 mg-C/ι day and 0.1~0.3 mg-C/ι day, respectively. Distribution of total organic carbon appeared to be highly correlated with phytoplankton biomass, especially during blooms of M. aeruginosa, when particulate organic carbon was 81% of total organic carbon and the main source of organic materials supplied into the water. The correlation coefficient between chlorophyll-a and BOD was 0.86. Thus it was concluded that autochthonous phytoplankton mostly affected the BOD level. Total bacterial numbers were also highly correlated with chlorophyll-a ($r^2$= 0.84) and the bacterial community appears to be regulated by phytoplankton biomass in this area.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1151-1154
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• 2008

The water level data sets among hydrologic observation data are correspond to the hydraulic head for each observation point and determine flow direction. The level difference among reservoir, river, and groundwater determines groundwater flow direction, just like water flows in the downstream direction because the water level of upstream point is higher than that of downstream point. We can analyze the relationship among the components in hydrologic cycle by comparing the water level differences. This research dealt with the data from Nakdong river watershed in Gyungsangnam-Do. Three data group are used for the analysis and onr group is composed of reservoir, river, and groundwater data sets. The data sets are closely(within 10 km) located in the interested area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.801-812
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• 1996

We investigated concentrations of heavy metals(Cr, Cd, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Mnl and correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment, soil, weeds, and vegetables on the lower Nakdong river. Concentrations of heavy metals on the lower Milyang river was generally lower than those of other sampling area. In the soil, concentration of Pb is generally larger than that of other heavy metals. Generally, concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment show decreasing tendency 8s the sampling area moves toward downstream of the river, but those of in the soil and weeds show increasing tendency. There is no significant correlation between concentration of heavy metals in the soil-sediment, soil-vegetables, sediment-weeds, or vegetables-weeds. Only concentrations of Pb in the vegetables and those of in the weeds show very high correlation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.297-316
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• 1996

This research emphasizes the necessity of the understanding and cooperation among focal governments to preserve the water quality of the Nak-dong river that runs through four local governments. First, this research considers the status of water-pollution in the Nakdong river, describes and finds problems within the central government's. "Clean Water Supply Plan" and local governments' water quality-related policies. Second, it deals with the conflict among local governments concerning the planning and building of "Wicheon Industrial Complex" in the middle-upstream of the Nakdong river which has triggered the opposition movement of the local governments and residents of the river's downstream area. With stressing the necessity of the understanding and cooperation among local governments, this research emphasizes roles of central government, of academic experts, and of local news-media in preserving the water quality. Key words : the Nakdong river, water quality policy, the conflict among local governments, the activation of local autonomy, Wicheon Industrial Complex, the cooperation among local governments.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.189-200
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• 2008

As a transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, riparian areas of rivers and streams play significant roles in production and decomposition for river and stream systems. Understanding of the physical and ecological characteristics of riparian areas are, therefore, important for the management of river and stream systems. It is especially important to understand the characteristics of riparian areas for the Nakdong River in Korea which has a large watershed area and diverse land uses. This study aimed at collecting field data, according to stream types, which are essential for the management of riparian areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Nakdong River, Korea. Most riparian areas surveyed in this study had roads within 100 meters from river edges. Distances from water edge to banks were less than 1m for most riparian areas neighboring agricultural lands, indicating that those areas might be very vulnerable to pollutant inputs from non-point sources. Water quality data indicated that soil erosion in the riparian areas could be a major source of phosphorus input to the Nakdong River and land use patters might have a significant influence on nitrogen concentration in the river. Heavy metal concentrations in soils of the riparian areas of the river were below soil quality standards, except arsenic and chromium. Vegetation surveys showed that therophytes were the most frequently occurred riparian plants in the Nakdong River. Number of aquatic plant species increased downstream, with the most diverse aquatic plants observed in wetlands and irrigation canals of the West Nakdong River. Occurrence rate of naturalized plants and urbanization index were high in the survey sites adjacent to urban and agricultural areas.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1995

The resident attitude for preservation and development of amenity in Eulsuk island and its downstream area at estuary of Nakdong river in Korea were investigated by the questionnaires and the field surveys. Based on the results, the characteristics of this study area are the natural ecological preservation area, natural environmental preservation area and curtural assets for migratory birds. And there are a estuary bank, a Dadae beach and a Molundae park. Special amenities are (1) the light (sunrise, sunset etc), (2) the water(river, sea etc.), (3) the air(fresh wind, beautiful sound etc.), (4) the land space(beautiful view, recreation field, reed area, pine forest etc.) and (5) the stream(dancing of migratory birds, water flow, folk dance, history remains etc.). But at present, the environmental qualities as health, aesthetics safety, amenity and culture are deteriorated by development. So the number of migratory birds are decreasing. The residents desired that in future this area be use for the recreation space, the park and the natural leaning fields etc, as well as the restoration of destroyed resources.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2015

The present study is to identify discharge characteristic from the mouth of floating debris in the Nakdong River through real time tracking of moving route and by analyzing hydrometeorologic environmental. To identify the path and route of outflow through the mouth of the river of floating debris, small-sized buoy equipped with satellite location transmitters was used. Moreover, to identify hydrometeorologic environmental, flux of the river, change of discharge of the River-Mouth Weir and wind direction of the mouth of the river area were analyzed. From now on, the present study is expected to be utilized as basic data to identify damage and flowing into nearby ocean of the floating debris of Nakdong River in time of severe rain storm.