• 분석과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.611-615
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• 1995

The design of appropriate chemically modified electrodes should allow development of new voltammetric measurement schemes with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity. Microorganism like algae has high ability to trap toxic and heavy metal ions and different affinities for metal ions. A copper(II) ion-selective carbon paste electrode was constructed by incorporating alga Anabaena into a conventional carbon paste mixture, and then the film of 10% Nafion was coated to avoid the swelling of the electrode surface. Copper ion could be deposited at the 25% algamodified electrode for 15 min without the applied potential while stirring the solution by only immersing the electrode in a buffer (pH 4.0) cot1taining copper(II). Temperature was controlled at $35^{\circ}C$. After preconcentration was carried out the electrode was transferred to a 0.1 M potassium chloride solution and was reduced at -0.6 volt at $25^{\circ}C$. The differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry was employed. A well-defined oxidation peak could be obtained at -0.1 volt (vs SCE). In five deposition / measurement / regeneration cycles, the responses were reproducible and relative standard deviations were 3.3% for $8.0{\times}10^{-4}M$ copper(II). Calibration curve for copper was linear over the range from $2.0{\times}10^{-4}M$ to $1.0{\times}10^{-3}M$. The detection limit was $7.5{\times}10^{-5}M$. Studies of the effect of diverse ions showed that the coexisting metal ions had little or no effect for the determination of copper. But anions such as cyanide. oxalate and EDTA seriously interfered.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.695-700
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 유기물인 안트라퀴논(AQDS)와 템포(TEMPO)를 활물질로 사용하고 N 중성 전해질 기반 수계 유기레독스 흐름전지 성능이 멤브레인에 따라 어떻게 영향을 받는지 분석하였다. 안트라퀴논과 템포 모두 중성 전해질인 염화칼륨(KCl) 전해질에 대해 높은 전자전달성(0.068 V의 산화 반응 및 환원 반응의 피크 전위차) 및 셀전압(1.17 V)을 얻을 수 있었다. 성능비교를 위해 사용한 멤브레인으로, 상용 양이온 교환막 중 하나인 Nafion 212를 사용하였을 때, 0.1 M 활물질을 1 M 염화칼륨 전해질에 용해해서 작동한 레독스 흐름전지 완전지 테스트를 통해, 전류효율 97%, 전압 효율 59%의 성능을 나타내었지만, 방전 용량(discharge capacity)은 4 사이클에서 $0.93Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}$로 이론 용량($2.68Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}$)의 35%를 도달하였으며, 총 10사이클 동안 방전 용량의 용량 손실율(capacity loss rate)은 $0.018Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}/cycle$ 이다. 그 외에도 Nafion 117 멤브레인, SELEMION CSO 멤브레인을 사용하여 단전지 성능을 테스트하였을 때, 오히려 저항 증가 및 투과 유도로 인해 더 큰 용량 손실을 이끌었다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.13-16
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• 2006

Electro-electrodialysis (EED) experiments were carried out for the HI concentration from HIx $(HI-H_2O-I_2)$ solution to improve the Hl decomposition reaction in the thermochemical water-splitting is (iodine-Sulfur) process. EED cell is composed of the collector electrode and electrolyte. Nafion 117 which was cation exchange membrane used as an electrolyte, and the activated carbon cloth used as an electrode. The HI concentration experiment was carried out using the HIx solution and molar ratio of the $I_2$ were varied from 1 to 3 mole. The cell voltages were decreased as temperature increase. And, membrane properties such as transport number of proton and electro-osmosis coefficient were decreased as temperature increase

• 공업화학
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.495-499
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 대량 생산 가능한 센서 전극의 생화학 센서 전극 개발을 위하여 탄소나노튜브(carbon nanotube, CNT)를 복합재료화 공정에 의하여 필름과 나노웹 형태의 벌크 재료로 제작한 후, 이들 전극의 넓은 표면적과 뛰어난 화학적 흡착성을 이용하여 화학적 검출 대상에 노출이 되었을 때 이들로 인한 센싱 특성을 연구하였다. CNT 기반 벌크 전극으로 제작하기 위하여 Nafion을 기저재료로 하는 필름과 PAN 기반의 나노 파이버를 전기방사법에 의하여 제작을 한 후 이들 전극의 화학적 영향에 의한 전기적인 특성 변화 실험을 위하여 버퍼 용액의 정전용량에 대한 전기적 임피던스 요소 값인 저항과 정전용량의 변화를 LCR 계측기로 측정하였다. 생화학센서용 전극으로서 CNT벌크전극의 임피던스 변화 형태가 복합소재 전극의 기저재료에 따라 달리 나타났으며 일정량의 버퍼용액 투여 후에는 변화가 없는 포화 상태의 응답을 보였으며 특히, 정전용량이 저항에 비하여 상대적으로 급격하게 큰 변화를 보여 높은 감도 특성을 지니고 있음이 조사되었다. 이들의 전기적인 특성변화는 버퍼 용액의 화학적 성분들이 전극에 흡수 된 후에 CNT에 흡착이 되어 이들의 전기적인 특성을 변화 시키는 것으로 추론된다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.868-873
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 유기물인 메틸 바이올로겐(methyl viologen, MV)과 템폴(4-hydroxy-TEMPO, TEMPOL)을 활물질로 사용하고 NaCl의 중성 전해질 기반 수계 유기 레독스 흐름전지 성능이 멤브레인에 따라 어떻게 영향을 받는지 분석하였다. 메틸 바이올로겐(MV)과 템폴(TEMPOL)은 중성 전해질인 염화나트륨(NaCl) 전해질에 대해 높은 셀전압(1.37 V)을 얻을 수 있다. 성능 비교를 위해 사용한 멤브레인은 두 가지이다. 첫째로, 상용 양이온 교환막 중 하나인 Nafion 117를 사용하였을 때 성능은 첫번째 사이클에서 충전만 일어났을 뿐 그 후 높은 저항 때문에 완전지가 작동하지 않았다. 하지만 두번째로 사용한 Fumasep 음이온 교환막(FAA-3-50)은 Nafion 117 멤브레인을 사용했을 때와는 다르게 비교적 안정적인 충방전 사이클링을 보였다. 전류 밀도 $40mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$, 컷-오프 전압 0.55~1.7 V에서 전류 효율(charge efficiency)은 97%, 전압 효율(voltage efficiency)은 78%로 높게 나타났다. 방전 용량(discharge capacity)은 10사이클에서 $1.44Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}$로 이론 용량($2.68Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}$)의 54%를 나타내었다. 방전 용량의 용량 손실율(capacity loss rate)은 $0.0015Ah{\cdot}L^{-1}/cycle$ 로 나타났다. 순환주사전류 실험을 통해 Nafion 117 멤브레인과 Fumasep 음이온 교환막 사이의 이러한 성능차이는 활물질의 크로스 오버(cross over) 현상으로 인한 방전 용량 손실이 아닌 멤브레인과 활물질의 화학적 반응으로 인한 저항 증가가 원인임을 파악할 수 있었다.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.748-755
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• 2006

In this paper, a trade-off design and fabrication of IPMC(Ionic Polymer Metal Composites) as an actuator for a flapping device have been described. Experiments for the internal solvent loss of IPMCs have been conducted for various combinations of cation and solvent in order to find out the best combination of cation and solvent for minimal solvent loss and higher actuation force. From the experiments, it was found that IPMCs with heavy water as their solvent could operate longer. Relations between length/thickness and tip force of IPMCs were also quantitatively identified for the actuator design from the tip force measurement of 200, 400, 640, and $800{\mu}m$ thick IPMCs. All IPMCs thicker than $200{\mu}m$ were processed by casting $Nafion^{TM}$ solution. The shorter and thicker IPMCs tended to generate higher actuation force but lower actuation displacement. To improve surface conductivity and to minimize solvent evaporation due to electrically heated electrodes, gold was sputtered on both surfaces of the cast IPMCs by the Physical Vapor Deposition(PVD) process. For amplification of a short IPMC's small actuation displacement to a large flapping motion, a rack-and-pinion type hinge was used in the flapping device. An insect wing was attached to the IPMC flapping mechanism for its flapping test. In this test, the wing flapping device using the $800{\mu}m$ thick IPMC. could create around $10^{\circ}{\sim}85^{\circ}$ flapping angles and $0.5{\sim}15Hz$ flapping frequencies by applying $3{\sim|}4V$.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2013

In this study, a catalyst slurry was prepared with a Pt/C catalyst, Nafion ionomer solution as a binder, an ionic liquid (IL) (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), deionized water and ethanol as a solvent for the application to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) at high-temperatures. The effect of the IL in the electrode of each design was investigated by performing a cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement. Electrodes with different IL distributions inside and on the surface of the catalyst electrode were examined. During the CV test, the electrochemical surface area (ESA) obtained for the Pt/C electrode without ILs gradually decreased owing to three mechanisms: Pt dissolution/redeposition, carbon corrosion, and place exchange. As the IL content increased in the electrode, an ESA decrement was observed because ILs leaked from the Nafion polymer in the electrode. In addition, the CVs under conditions simulating leakage of ILs from the electrode and electrolyte were evaluated. When the ILs leaked from the electrode, minor significant changes in the CV were observed. On the other hand, when the leakage of ILs originated from the electrolyte, the CVs showed different features. It was also observed that the ESA decreased significantly. Thus, leakage of ILs from the polymer electrolyte caused a performance loss for the PEFCs by reducing the ESA. As a result, greater entrapment stability of ILs in the polymer matrix is needed to improve electrode performance.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.110-112
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• 2006

Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) are commonly prepared in the research laboratory by spraying, screen-printing and brushing catalyst slurry onto membrane or other support material like carbon paper or polyimide film in a batch style. These hand applications of the catalyst slurry are painstaking process with respect to precision of catalyst loading and reproducibility. It has been generally mentioned that the adoption of continuous process is very helpful to develop the reliable product. In the present work, we report the results of using continuous type coater with doctor-blade to coat catalyst slurry for preparing the MEA catalyst layers In a faster and highly reproducible fashion. We show that while expectedly faster than batch style, the machine coater requires the use of slurry of appropriate composition and a properly selected transfer decal material in order to achieve superior MEA plat lnw loading reproducibility. To make highly viscous catalyst slurry that is imperative for using coater, we use 40wt.% Nafion solution and minimize the content of organic solvent. And the choice of proper high surface area catalyst is important in the viewpoint of making well-dispersed slurry. After catalyst coating onto the support material, we transferred the catalyst layer to both sides of Nafion membrane by hot-pressing In this case, the degree of transfer was Influenced by hot-pressing condition including temperature, pressure, and time. To compare the transferring ability, we compared so many films and detaching papers. And among the support, polyethylene terephthalate(PET) film shows the prominent result.

• 멤브레인
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2019

폴리에테르설폰(PES)과 폴리페닐렌설파이드설폰(PPSS)을 블렌딩한 고분자를 이용하여 음이온교환막을 제작하였다. EDXS와 FT-IR 분석으로부터 제작한 음이온교환막이 음이온교환기인 -N-을 갖는다는 것을 확인하였다. 1 mol/L의 황산용액에서 이온전도도를 측정하였다. 제작한 음이온교환막은 0.015~0.083 S/cm의 이온전도도를 가졌으며, 시판의 음이온교환막인 AFN과 APS의 값과 비교하여 동등 이상의 값을 가졌다. 제작한 음이온교환막의 바나듐 레독스 흐름 전지용 격막으로 사용한지를 평가하기 위해 각 바나듐 이온의 투과를 측정하였다. 제작한 음이온교환막의 각 바나듐 이온의 투과도는 시판의 양이온교환막인 Nafion 117과 시판의 음이온교환막인 AFN과 비교하여 낮은 값을 가졌다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.124-129
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• 2011

A simple process of fabricating micropillar structure and its influence upon enhancing electrochemical biosensor response were studied in this work. Conducting polymer PEDOT was used as a base material in formulating a composite with PVA. Micro porous PC membrane filter was used as a template for the micropillar of the composite on ITO electrode. This structure could provide plenty of encapsulating space for enzyme species. After dosing enzyme solution into this space, Nafion film tent was cast over the pillar structure to complete the micropillar cavity structure. In this way, the encapsulation of enzyme could be accomplished without any chemical modification. The amount of enzyme species was easily controllable by varying the concentration of the dosing solution. The more amount of enzyme is stored in the sensor, the higher the electrochemical response is produced. One more reason for the sensitivity improvement comes from the large surface area of the micropillar structure. Application of 0.7 V produced the best current response under the condition of pH 7.4. This biosensor showed linear response to the glucose in 0.1~1 mM range with the average sensitivity of $14.06{\mu}A/mMcm^2$. Detection limit was 0.01 mM based on S/N = 3.