• 제목/요약/키워드: Naegleria

검색결과 47건 처리시간 0.025초

Naegleria fowleri로 면역된 어미에서 태어난 마우스의 방어면역 결여 (Failure of immunization with Naegleriu fowleyi in mice born to immune mothers)

  • 임경일;이근태
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.151-155
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    • 1985
  • CGVS 배지에서 무균 배양한 Naegleria fowleri 영양형을 5% formaldehyde로 고정시켜 $1{\times}10^6$개씩 일주일 간격으로 3회 또는 6회 BAKA/c 마우스 복강내에 주입시켜 면역시켰다. 면역이 끝나고 7일후 배양된 N. fowleri영양형 $5{\times}10^4$개를 secobarbital로 마취된 마우스 비강에 떨어뜨려 감염시켰다. 어미 마우스에만 또는 어미와 그 새끼 마우스에 모두 면역시켰을 때, N. fowleri 감염에 의한 사망율에 있어 대조군과 차이가 없었으나 그 생존기간은 연장됨을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 새끼마우스에만 면역시켰을 때 사망율이 현저히 감소하였고 생존기간도 훨씬 연장되었다. 새끼 마우스에만 면역시켰을 때 방어면역 효과가 현저하였으나, 어미 마우스에만 또는 면역시킨 어미로부터 태어난 새끼 마우스에 면역시켰을 때는 방어면역이 나타나지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

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Decreasing effect of an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody on the in vitro cytotoxicity of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri

  • Jeong, Seok-Ryoul;Kang, Su-Yeon;Lee, Sang-Chul;Song, Kyoung-Ju;Im, Kyung-Il;Shin, Ho-Joon
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제42권1호
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    • pp.35-40
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    • 2004
  • The nfa 1 gene was cloned from a cDNA library of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri by immunoscreening; it consisted of 360 bp and produced a 13.1 kDa recombinant protein (rNfa1) that showed the pseudopodia-specific localization by immunocytochemistry in the previous study. Based on the idea that the pseudopodia-specific Nfa1 protein mentioned above seems to be involved in the pathogenicity of N. fowleri, we observed the effect of an anti-Nfa1 antibody on the proliferation of N. fowleri trophozoites and the cytotoxicity of N. fowleri trophozoites on the target cells. The proliferation of N. fowleri trophozoites was inhibited after being treated with an anti-Nfa1 polycional antibody in a dose-dependent manner for 48 hrs. By a light microscope, CHO cells co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites (group I) for 48 hrs showed severe morphological destruction. On the contrary, CHO cells co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites and anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody (1:100 dilution) (group II) showed less destruction. In the LDH release assay results, group I showed 50.6% cytotoxicity, and group II showed 39.3%. Consequently, addition of an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody produced a decreasing effect of in vitro cytotoxicity of N. fowleri in a dose-dependent manner.

Contact-Independent Cell Death of Human Microglial Cells due to Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri Trophozoites

  • Kim, Jong-Hyun;Kim, Dae-Sik;Shin, Ho-Joon
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제46권4호
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    • pp.217-221
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    • 2008
  • Free-living Naegleria fowleri leads to a fatal infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans. Previously, the target cell death could be induced by phagocytic activity of N. fowleri as a contact-dependent mechanism. However, in this study we investigated the target cell death under a non-contact system using a tissue-culture insert. The human microglial cells, U87MG cells, co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites for 30 min in a non-contact system showed morphological changes such as the cell membrane destruction and a reduction in the number. By fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, U87MG cells co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites in a non-contact system showed a significant increase of apoptotic cells (16%) in comparison with that of the control or N. fowleri lysate. When U87MG cells were co-cultured with N. fowleri trophozoites in a non-contact system for 30 min, 2 hr, and 4 hr, the cytotoxicity of amebae against target cells was 40.5, 44.2, and 45.6%, respectively. By contrast, the cytotoxicity of non-pathogenic N. gruberi trophozoites was 10.2, 12.4, and 13.2%, respectively. These results suggest that the molecules released from N. fowleri in a contact-independent manner as well as phagocytosis in a contact-dependent manner may induce the host cell death.

Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea

  • Shin, Ho-Joon;Im, Kyung-Il
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제42권3호
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    • pp.93-119
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    • 2004
  • Acanthamoeba and Naegleria are widely distributed in fresh water, soil and dust throughout the world, and cause meningoencephalitis or keratoconjunctivitis in humans and other mammals. Korean isolates, namely, Naegleria sp. YM-1 and Acanthamoeba sp. YM-2, YM-3, YM-4, YM-5, YM-6 and YM-7, were collected from sewage, water puddles, a storage reservoir, the gills of a fresh water fish, and by corneal washing. These isolates were categorized into three groups based on the mortalities of infected mice namely, highly virulent (YM-4), moderately virulent (YM-2, YM-5 and YM-7) and nonpathogenic (YM-3). In addition, a new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a freshwater fish in Korea and tentatively named Korean isolate YM-4. The morphologic characters of its cysts were similar to those of A. culbertsoni and A. royreba, which were previously designated as Acanthamoeba group III. Based on experimentally infected mouse mortality, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was highly virulent. The isoenzymes profile of Acanthamoeba YM-4 was similar to that of A. royreba. Moreover, an anti-Acanthamoeba YM-4 monoclonal anti-body reacted only with Acanthamoeba YM-4, and not with A. culbertsoni. Random amplified polymorphic DNA marker analysis and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA and of a 188 small subunit ribosomal RNA, placed Acanthamoeba YM-4 in a separate cluster based on phylogenic distances. Thus Acanthamoeba YM-4 was identified as a new species, and assigned Acanthamoeba sohi. Up to the year 2002 in Korea, two clinical cases were found to be infected with Acanthamoeba spp. These patients died of meningoencephalitis. In addition, one case of Acanthamoeba pneumonia with an immunodeficient status was reported and Acanthamoeba was detected in several cases of chronic relapsing corneal ulcer, chronic conjunctivitis, and keratitis.

Naegleria fowleri Lysate Induces Strong Cytopathic Effects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Release in Rat Microglial Cells

  • Lee, Yang-Jin;Park, Chang-Eun;Kim, Jong-Hyun;Sohn, Hae-Jin;Lee, Jin-Young;Jung, Suk-Yul;Shin, Ho-Joon
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제49권3호
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    • pp.285-290
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    • 2011
  • Naegleria fowleri, a ubiquitous free-living ameba, causes fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans. N. fowleri trophozoites are known to induce cytopathic changes upon contact with microglial cells, including necrotic and apoptotic cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In this study, we treated rat microglial cells with amebic lysate to probe contact-independent mechanisms for cytotoxicity, determining through a combination of light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy whether N. fowleri lysate could effect on both necrosis and apoptosis on microglia in a time- as well as dose-dependent fashion. A $^{51}Cr$ release assay demonstrated pronounced lysate induction of cytotoxicity (71.5%) toward microglial cells by 24 hr after its addition to cultures. In an assay of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, microglial cells treated with N. fowleri lysate produced TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-$1{\beta}$, though generation of the former 2 cytokines was reduced with time, and that of the last increased throughout the experimental period. In summary, N. fowleri lysate exerted strong cytopathic effects on microglial cells, and elicited pro-inflammatory cytokine release as a primary immune response.

Characterizations of four freshwater amoebae including opportunistic pathogens newly recorded in the Republic of Korea

  • Hyeon Been Lee;Jong Soo Park
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • 제47권3호
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    • pp.118-133
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    • 2023
  • Background: Free-living amoebae (FLA) are widely distributed in freshwater, seawater, soil, and extreme environments, and play a critical role as feeders on diverse preys in the ecosystem. Also, some FLA can become opportunistic pathogens in animals including humans. The taxa Amoebozoa and Heterolobosea are important amoeboid groups associated with human pathogens. However, the identification and habitat of amoebae belonging to Amoebozoa and Heterolobosea remain poorly reported in the Republic of Korea. This study highlights the first record for identification and source of four amoebae including putative pathogens in the Republic of Korea. Results: In the present study, four previously reported FLA were isolated from freshwaters in Sangju Gonggeomji Reservoir (strain GO001), one of the largest reservoirs during the Joseon Dynasty period, and along the Nakdong River, the largest river in the Republic of Korea (strains NR5-2, NR12-1, and NR14-1) for the first time. Microscopic observations and 18S rDNA phylogenetic trees revealed the four isolated strains to be Acanthamoeba polyphaga (strains NR5-2 and NR12-1), Tetramitus waccamawensis (strain GO001), and Naegleria australiensis (strain NR14-1). Strains NR5-2 and NR12-1 might be the same species and belonged to the morphological Group 2 and the T4 genotype of Acanthamoeba. Strain GO001 formed a clade with T. waccamawensis in 18S rDNA phylogeny, and showed morphological characteristics similar to previously recorded strains, although the species' flagellate form was not observed. Strain NR14-1 had the typical morphology of Naegleria and formed a strongly supported clade with previously recorded strains of N. australiensis in phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequences. Conclusions: On the bases of morphological and molecular analyses, four strains of FLA were newly observed and classified in the Republic of Korea. Three strains belonging to the two species (A. polyphaga and N. australiensis) isolated from the Nakdong River have the potential to act as opportunistic pathogens that can cause fatal diseases (i.e. granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, Acanthamoeba Keratitis, and meningoencephalitis) in animals including humans. The Nakdong River in the Republic of Korea may provide a habitat for potentially pathogenic amoebae, but additional research is required to confirm the true pathogenicity of these FLA now known in the Republic of Korea.

Antiamoebic activities of flavonoids against pathogenic free-living amoebae, Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba species

  • Huong Giang Le;Tuan Cuong Vo;Jung-Mi Kang;Thu Hang Nguyen;Buyng-Su Hwang;Young-Taek Oh;Byoung-Kuk Na
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제61권4호
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    • pp.449-454
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    • 2023
  • Free-living amoebae (FLA) rarely cause human infections but can invoke fatal infections in the central nervous system (CNS). No consensus treatment has been established for FLA infections of the CNS, emphasizing the urgent need to discover or develop safe and effective drugs. Flavonoids, natural compounds from plants and plant-derived products, are known to have antiprotozoan activities against several pathogenic protozoa parasites. The anti-FLA activity of flavonoids has also been proposed, while their antiamoebic activity for FLA needs to be emperically determined. We herein evaluated the antiamoebic activities of 18 flavonoids against Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba species which included A. castellanii and A. polyphaga. These flavonoids showed different profiles of antiamoebic activity against N. fowleri and Acanthamoeba species. Demethoxycurcumin, kaempferol, resveratrol, and silybin (A+B) showed in vitro antiamoebic activity against both N. fowleri and Acanthamoeba species. Apigenin, costunolide, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, rosmarinic acid, and (-)-trans-caryophyllene showed selective antiamoebic activity for Acanthamoeba species. Luteolin was more effective for N. fowleri. However, afzelin, berberine, (±)-catechin, chelerythrine, genistein, (+)-pinostrobin, and quercetin did not exhibit antiamoebic activity against the amoeba species. They neither showed selective antiamoebic activity with significant cytotoxicity to C6 glial cells. Our results provide a basis for the anti-FLA activity of flavonoids, which can be applied to develope alternative or supplemental therapeutic agents for FLA infections of the CNS.

자유생활아메바의 병원성에 따른 자연살세포의 활성도 (Natural killer cell activity in mice infected with free-living amoeba with reference to their pathogenicity)

  • 김기혁;신주옥;임경일
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.239-248
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    • 1993
  • 원발성 아메바성 수막뇌염을 일으키는 병원성 자유생활아메바인 Naegleria fowleri 및 Acanthamoeba culbertsoni를 CSH/HeJ 마우스에 감염시켜 자연살세포를 활성화시킬 수 있는 감염 최소량 및 활성도를 최대치가지 이르게 하는 감염 최대량을 결정하여 수막뇌염의 발생여부 및 사망율을 조사하고, 이와 함께 비병원성 자유생활아메바인 Naegleria fowleri를 감염시켜 자연살세포가 활성화되는지 조사하였다 자연살세포 활성도를 병원성 자유생활아메바 감염군과 비교하였으며, 병원성, 비병원성 자유생활아메바 감염군에서의 자연살세포의 세포독성의 변화를 단세포 독성검사법을 이용하여 표적세포 결합능, 활성 자연살세포, 더 나아가 최대 재순환능을 측정하여 조사하였다. Naegleria fowleri 감염 군에서 자연살세포를 활성화 시킬 수 있는 감염 최소량인 아메바 영양형 $1{\times}10^4$개 감염 군에서 사망률이 5.9%이었으며 최대량인 $1{\times}10^5$개 영양형 감염군에서는 72.2%이었다. Acnnthamoebn culbertsoni 감염 군에서의 감염 최소량인 아메바 영양형 $1{\times}10^3$개 감염군에서의 사망률은 6.9%이었으며 최대량인 $1{\times}10^5$개 감염군에서는 65.5%이었다. 자연살세포의 세포독성은 병원성 자유생활아메바 감염군 모두에서 감염후 1일째에 대조군과 비교하여 통계학적으로 유의하게 증가하였으며, 감염후 2일과 5일째에는 감소하였고, 아메바 감염량간에는 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 아메바 감염 군에서의 자연살세포의 활성도의 증가는 표적세포 결합능 및 활성 자연살세포의 증가에 기인한 것이었으며 재순환능에는 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 비병원성 자유생활아메바인 Naegleria fowleri 감염 군에서는 자연살세포의 활성도는 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었으며 병원성 자유생활아메바 감염 군과는 자연살세포의 세포독성 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

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Naegleyiu fowleri에 대한 단세포군 항체의 생산과 그 특성에 관한 연구 (The production and characterization of anti-Naegleria fowleri monoclonal antibodies)

  • 류재숙;임경일
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.33-42
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    • 1992
  • 자유생활 아메바인 Naegleria fowleri는 비강을 통해 인체에 들어와 출혈성 수막뇌염을 일으켜 감염된 사람의 대부분을 일주일 이내에 사망하게 하는 원충이다. 이 실험에서는 N. fowleri에 특이한 단세포군 항체를 만들어 이의 특성 및 그 이용 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 7 종류의 단세포군 항체(Nf 1, Nf 2, NE 256, Nf 279, Nf 27, Nf 154, Nf 137)를 제조하였는데 각각의 isotope은 IgGl이 두 종류(Nf 27, Nf 154), IgG3가 1 종류(Nf 137), IgA가 4 종류(Nf 1, Nf 2, Nf 256, Nf 279)이었다. 이들 항체를 N. fwoleri와 다른 종류의 아메바를 항원으로 하여 효소표식 면역검사법을 시행하여 Nf 1 및 Nf 256 항체를 제외한 5종류의 항체가 N. fowleri에 특이한 항체임을 확인하였다. 또한 간접 형광항체법을 통하여 NF 256 항체를 제외한 6 종류의 단세포군 항체가 세포막의 일부에 결합하였음을 관찰하였다. Nf 154 항체를 이용한 immunoperoxidase 염색에서도 세포막의 반응을 관찰하였다. 단세포를 항체가 N. fowleri를 응집시키는지 알아보고자 항체를 N. fowleri 영양형과 반응시켰더니 Nf 27 항 체를 제외한 5 종류의 단세포를 항체에 의해 응집이 일어남을 알 수 있었으며 응집된 덩 양형을 보체로 처리한 후 CGVS배지에서 배양하였더니 영양형의 증식이 억제되었다. 또한 2종류의 단세포군 항체(Nf 2, Nf 154)는 조직 세포(Chinese hamster ovary cell: CHO)에 대한 N.fowleri의 세포독성을 저하시켰다. 단세포군 항채와 반응하는 항원의 분자량을 알아보고자 EITB(Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot)를 시행하였는데 Nf 279 항체는 25 kDa 및 28 kDa, Nf 154 항체는 43 kDa, N( 137 항체는 29 kDa에 해당되는 분획에서 항원항체반응을 나타내었다. 이상의 성적을 종합하면 N. fowleri에 대한 7종류의 IgG., IgG3 및 IgA 단세포군 항체를 생산하였다. 그중 Nf 256 항체를 제외한 6 종류는 N. fowleri이 세포막 성분중 28 kDa-43 kDa의 항원과 반응하는 특이한 항체임을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 이 단세포를 항체들은 영양형을 응집시키며, 시험관 내에서의 증식을 억제시키고 CHO 세포에 대한 N. fowleri의 세포 독성을 저하시키는 성질을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

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Naegleria fowleri 자연살세포의 활성에 미치는 영향 (Natural killer cell activity in Naegzeria fowleri infected mice)

  • 이규래;신주옥;임경일
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제29권3호
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    • pp.267-278
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    • 1991
  • 원발성 아메바성 수막 뇌염을 일으키는 병원성이 강한 자유 생활 아메바인 Naegleria fowleri이 영양형을 마우스 비강에 접종시킨 후 12시간, 1일, 2일, 3일 및 5일째에 비장 세포의 자연살세포 독성을 측정하였다. 51Cr 방출 경사법과 단세포 독성 검사에 의하여 표적 세포 결합능, 활성 자연살세포, Vmaz 및 재순환능을 측정하였다. 감염 마우스의 사망률은 접종 후 20일까지 76.7%이였으며 사망한 마우스의 평균 생존 기간은 12.87±0.71일이었다. 자연살세포의 독성은 아메바 접종후 12시간째에 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하기 시작하여 접종후 1일째 가장 증가하였다. 표적 세로 결합능간에는 경과 기간별로 유의한 차이가 없었으며 환성 자연살세포와 재순환능은 자연살세포의 독성이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. N. fowleri가 감염되었을 때 자연살세포의 활성에 미치는 영향을 보면 자연살세포의 독성이 증가함에 따라 환성 자연살세포 및 재순환능이 증가하였고, 표적 세포 결합능에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것을 알 수 있었다.

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