• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 1998

Five kinds of packed column and two kinds of capillary column were used to get optimum condition for ethanol analysis by using fifteen different volatile, low molecular weight organic substances. Only two columns, Gaskuropack 54 and DB-1, showed good separation efficiency. In the adding salt-effect experiment 0.6N - perchloric acid, 1M - meta-phosphoric acid and saturated NaCl solution were used for alcohol concentration measurement of biological fluids and tissue specimens. Among adding salt experiment, adding saturated NaCl solution showed the most stable value of alcohol concentration. This fact might be due to the increased vaporization of alcohol in the saturated NaCl solution. In the time-course of blood alcohol concentration, the alcohol level was lineary decreased to the diameter of vessel containing specimens. This result was interpreted in view of ethanol level, weight, water content, and hematocrit value. The ethanol distribution levels were measured from samples of blood and tissue obtained from 25 postmortems cases investigated by NISI. This study showed that the distribution level was decreased in order of brain, blood, kidney, spleen, liver, and lung.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 1967

Outward movement of hemoglobin and $K^+$ ion across rabbit erythrocyte membrane after heating, cooling and in acid medium was studied. One milliliter of rabbit blood was centrifuged and packed red cells were obtained. Packed red cells were resuspended by addition of 4 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution and were subjected to heating $(57^{\circ}C\;for\;5\;minutes)$ or cooling $(-4^{\circ}C{\sim}-8^{\circ}C\;of\;-10^{\circ}C{\sim}-11^{\circ}C\;for\;10\;minutes) $. For acid medium experiment packed ref cells were resuspended by addition of 4 ml of acid medium of PH 4.5 consisting of 0.01% glacial acetic acid in 0.85% NaCl solution and kept standing for 10 minutes. All red cell suspensions were centrifuged again and packed red cells were separated. This packed red cells were again suspended in 4 ml of NaCl solution of 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, and 0.5% concentration respectively and kept standing for 20 minutes. The concentration of hemoglobin and $K^+$ in the supernatant of the above red cell suspensions were measured and the following results were obtained. 1. Outward movement of hemoglobin and $K^+$ was greatest in red cells subjected to heating. The movement paralled to the osmolal concentration gradient between extra- and intra-cellular phase of red cells. 2. In acid medium the outflux of hemoglobin and $K^+$ increased as compared to the control. 3. In red cells subjected to the cold of $-10^{\circ}C{\sim}-11^{\circ}C$ the outflux of hemoglobin and $K^+$ increased. Whereas in the environment of $-4^{\circ}C{\sim}-8^{\circ}C$ there was no change in the outflux of $K^+$. The he-moglobin outflux showed rather a decreased as compared to tile control.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2014

The seasonal variation of pH and ion components in precipitation were investigated from January to December 2009 at Busan, Korea. The precipitation was acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH concentration of 5.32, which ranged from 3.79 to 8.66. The volume-weighted mean conductivity showed 86.77 ${\mu}S/cm$ and indicated higher concentration about 96.69 ${\mu}S/cm$ in summer. The volume-weighted mean equivalent concentration of components followed the order: $K^+$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $nss-Ca^{2+}$ > $NH_4^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ > $Li^+$ in cations and $Cl^-$ > $SO_4^{2-}$ > $nss-SO_4^{2-}$ > $NO_3^-$ > $NO^{2-}$ > $F^-$ > $Br^-$ in anions. Particularly, concentration of $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ showed 56 and 78 % in cations and anions. The higher concentration in $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ were shown in Busan city as compared to the other cities. The neutralization factors have been found to have higher value for potassium ion in winter compared with different seasons, indicating significant neutralization of acidic components over the region by potassium. Therefore, the precipitation characteristics at Busan had both continental and coastal as consequence of pH, conductivity and ionic analyses.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.139-147
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• 1984

This in vitro study was employed to clarify the effects of several pollutants i.e. $SO_2$, fluoride, cadmium(Cd), aluminum(Al) and NaCl, on the organogenesis and growth responses of shoot-tip, stem and multiple-buds segments derived from hypocotyl or cotyledon culture of petunia seedlings. ${Na_2}{SO_3}$levels of more than 200$\mu{g}$/ml had significantly reduced organogenesis, growth, and chlorophyll content. The injuries caused by ${Na_2}{SO_3}$, concentration of more than 400$\mu{g}$/ml were alleviated by increasing hydrogenion concentration of medium, indicating some relationship between two factors. Organogenesis was not affected by the fluoride concentration up to 100ppm in the media, but the growth and chlorophyll content were greatly reduced by the fluoride. The effect of Cd depended on the explant sources used for the culture; 1.0ppm was effective for fresh weight increase in shoot tip culture, and 3.0ppm in stem segments culture. Organogenesis and growth were greatly reduced by more than 10.0 Cd treatment. Growth and formation of shoots were better with Na conc. of 0.3% compared to control, but those of roots were inhibited. Na concentration goes over 1.0%, organogenesis and subsequent growth were inhibited, and chlorophyll synthesis was drastically reduced. Chlorophyll content was increased on the medium supplemented with Al 50$\mu{g}$/ml compared to control. However the formation and growth of shoots were greatly inhibited with more than 400$\mu{g}$/ml and roots were not produced at all.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2004

A more rapid and efficient method to extract RNA from Ecklonia cava Kjellman (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) was introduced in this study. Each step of the procedure was evaluated and the optimal concentration of each chemical in the lysis solution was determined. Tissue pulverization with PVPP and β-mercaptoethanol in the lysis solution were not essential for RNA extraction of this species. The highest yield and purity of E. cava RNA were obtained by the lysis solution containing 1% CTAB, 1 M NaCl, 0.7% PVP, 10mM EDTA and 100mM Tris-Cl (pH 9.0). Approximately 8μg of RNA was obtained from 200 mg of ground tissue. The ratios of the absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm were from 1.6 to 1.8 and those of at 230 nm and 260 nm were from 1.8 to 2.0. The extracted RNAs obtained in this study turned out to have a sufficient quality for cDNA synthesis.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1033-1037
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• 2008

The effects of inorganic salts, inoculum concentration, aeration rate and shaking speed on insoluble phosphate solubilization by Pseudomonas fluorescens RAF15 were investigated. Soluble phosphate production was dependent on the presence of $MgCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$ and $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ in the medium. Supplementation of medium with 0.01% $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ and 0.01% NaCl slightly increased soluble phosphate production. The optimal medium compositions for the solubilization of insoluble phosphate by P. fluorescens RAF15 were 1.5% glucose, 0.005% urea, 0.3% $MgCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$, 0.01% $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.01% $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ and 0.01% NaCl, respectively. Optimal inoculum concentration was 2.0%(v/v). Maximum soluble phosphate production was obtained with 20-50 ml/250-ml flask and 200 rpm of shaking speed, respectively. The addition of EDTA decreased cell growth and soluble phosphate production.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.112-117
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• 2011

This research was conducted to determine the effect of the pre-treatment of mulberry charcoal on the salt tolerance response in Kentucky bluegrass 'Perfection'. As this results, 400 mM NaCl treatment reduced turf growth such a fresh and dry weight, and induced physiological damages like decreased chlorophyll content and increased electrolyte leakage. The pre-treatment of mulberry charcoal, however, mitigated those growth and physiological responses associated with NaCl stress, regardless of the concentrations of charcoal solution. Furthermore, it was observed that higher K ion concentration by mulberry charcoal pre-treatment reduced Na ion in shoot. This research suggests to be a possibility of planting turf grasses in reclaimed land or higher salt accumulated area using a mulberry charcoal treatment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.307-311
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• 1991

A moderate halophile, ES 10 which produces a high level of alkaline protease was isolated from the salted anchovies and indentified as a strain of Halomonas sp. The optimum growth of the Halomonas sp. was revealed in the presence of 2 M NaCl and its growth rate in the Temporary Synthetic Medium was increased by adding DL-alanine, but inhibited by adding L-proline. The concentration of $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$ in the cell mass of the Halomonas sp. ES 10 was 5-, 25- and 35-fold higher by dry weight basis, respectively than those of B. subtilis or E. coli. Norberg and Hofsten medium with 1 M NaCl was selected as the best medium for producing high level of alkaline protease. The optimum temperature for the growth and protease production was equally $20^{\circ}C$.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.212-218
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• 1986

Proteins in Korean rapeseeds, as in many other plantseeds, are usually bound to phytate molecules. These phytate-bound proteins are of little value as foodstuffs because of their poor solubility in digestive systems. Therefore it is necessary to remove phytates from proteins in order to convert these proteins io a useful foodstuff. In the work, an efficient procedure for removal of phytates from defatted Korean rapeseed was found. The influence of pH on the solubility of protein and phytate of rapeseed flour showed that the former was the lowest at pH 5.0 and began to increase as pH further raised. Meanwhile, the latter was the highest at pH 6.0, however, it was decreased abruptly at alkaline pH, especially to content of 1.3% at pH 11.5. The solubility cf protein was relatively high in NaCl aqueous solution at $pH\;6.0{\sim}8.0$, and did not male any noticeable difference depending on NaCl concentration. On the other hand, the solubility of phytate was high at pH of below 6.0 showing an abrupt decrease at pH of above 6.0. The solubility of protein in $CaCl_2$ aqueous solution was highest at $pH\;6.0{\sim}8.0$, however, there was no significant change at the whole range of tested pH of the solution. A maximum solubility of phytate was shown at $pH\;3.0{\sim}4.0$. And it was decreased abruptly at a higher pH of the above range and also decreased at a lower pH with higher $CaCl_2$ concentration. The solubility of phytate in $Na_2SO_3$ aqueous solution was highest at $pH\;5.0{\sim}8.0$. As the concentration goes up the maximum value of solubility was found to move to higher pHs. Depending on the concentration of $Na_2SO_3$, the decreasing pattern was changed in an alkaline solution. The solubility of phytate in the solution containing low concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ ion was low in all treatments at pH of above 7.0 and showed the maximum value at low pH as $Ca^{2+}$ ion concentration increases. The solubility of protein at pH 11.5 showed the highest value in $1mM\;Ca^{2+}$ ion solution.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2000

This study has been carried out to determine the seasonal characteristics of concentration of various ionic (CI-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH+, K+, Ca2+) and heavy metallic (Pb, Mn, Cu, Ni) species in Pusan from August 1997 to April 1998. The concentrations of CI-, Na+, K+ were higher during summer with 2.98 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/㎥. Seasonal variation of total concentration of but the concentration of NH4+ was higher during winter with 2.46${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/㎥. Seasonal variation of total concentration of heavy metals(Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni) were 186.0 ng/㎥ in summer, 222.6 ng/㎥ in autumn, and 135.83 ng/㎥ in winter. Over the seasons inspected, the concentration of Mn was higher in coarse particles than fine particles and concentration of Ni was higher in fine particles than coarse particles. during yellow sand period, the concentration of TSP was increased about two times than that of other period. SO42-, Ca2+ concentrations were higher than other ionic components because of soil particles. The concentration of Ni showed 94.62ng/㎥ was increased about 4~5 times than other period. Principal component of the yellow sand, SO42-, Ca2+ could be discreased by rainfall and washout effect of atmospheric aerosol was higher in coarse particles than fine particles. Results from PCA(principal component analysis) showed that major pollutant was NaCl by seasalt particulate and (NH4)2SO4.