• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.121-126
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of high concentration of sodium salts and chlorides in soil on the growth of tomato and the uptake of minerals. The growth inhibition rates of plant height and dry weight were different depending on salts, but they were not related to the electric conductivities (EC) and acidities (pH) in the soil solution. The orders of growth inhibition were Cl, SO$_4$, CO$_3$, PO$_4$＞NO$_3$ in the sodium salts series, and Na, K, Mg, NH$_4$＞Ca in the chlorides. The growth inhibition rates of the sodium salts series tended to be larger than those of the chloride series. Yield was lower 30%~10% in the sodium salt and chloride series than in the control. Chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were lower in the sodium salts and chloride series than in the control. Mineral concentration was lower in sodium salts and chlorides than in control. The nitrate absorption was inhibited in all salts except for NaNO$_3$ and NH$_4$Cl, and specially in NaCl and Na$_2$SO$_4$ treatments of the sodium salts and in KCl treatment of chloride series. K concentration was reduced NaCl and Na$_2$SO$_4$ treatments compared with the other salts. In the sodium salt series, calcium and magnesium concentration were decreased antagonistically when sodium concentration was increased.

• 한국전기화학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 1998.10a
• /
• pp.95-95
• /
• 1998

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.707-711
• /
• 1998

The (Na,K)ATPase is responsible for generating the ionic gradients and membrane potentials by the exchange of intracellular $Na^+$ for $K^+$. It has been recentl y shown that (Na,K)ATPase is involved in the exocytic pathway of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), although it is not known that bFGF is secreted to the outside of cell through direct interaction with (Na,K) ATPase. To understand the role for (Na,K)ATPase in the secretary pathway of bFGF, we have sought to identify the cytoplasmic domains of the alpha1 isoform of (Na,K)ATPase interacting with bFGF by yeast two-hybrid system. We have also investigated the interaction between the alpha2 isoform of (Na,K)ATPase and bFGF to find out whether the interaction is isoform-specific. We found that none of the cytoplasmic domains of (Na,K)ATPase isoforms interacted with bFGF. The result suggests that the interaction between bFGF and (Na,K)ATPase might be indirect, thus requiring other proteins which are involved in the formation of protein complexes for the interaction, although we cannot exclude the possibility that the interaction requires the element of the whole alpha subunit structure that was not present in the isolated alpha subunit cytoplasmic domains.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.262-267
• /
• 2016

Physicochemical characteristics of chicken-thigh emulsion manufactured with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%) were examined. Moisture and ash contents of samples containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl were significantly higher than those of the other samples (p<0.05). Protein contents decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The pH values of batters significantly decreased with increasing NaCl concentration (p<0.05). The lightness values of uncooked and cooked samples showed an upward trend with increasing concentration of NaCl. Redness and yellowness values of uncooked batters containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl were significantly lower than other samples (p<0.05). The cooking yield and viscosity of the samples increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Samples containing 1.2% and 1.5% NaCl showed higher viscosities than the controls and samples containing 0.3-0.9% NaCl. Therefore, it can be concluded that addition 1.2% NaCl in chicken thigh products is beneficial.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.551-556
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NaCl concentration on the physicochemical properties of pork emulsion. Pork emulsion was produced containing 0% (control), 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% NaCl. Proximate composition of pork emulsion containing 1.5% NaCl showed the highest moisture content (P<0.05). The ash contents of pork emulsion increased with an increase in NaCl, and protein contents decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. The pH levels of uncooked pork emulsion containing 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5% NaCl were lower than those of other treatments (P<0.05), and the pH level of cooked pork emulsion containing NaCl was lower than that of the control (P<0.05). The CIE $L^*$ value of the uncooked pork emulsion samples containing NaCl was higher than that of the control (P<0.05), whereas CIE $a^*$ and CIE $b^*$ values of samples with NaCl were lower than the control (P<0.05). CIE $L^*$ and CIE $b^*$ values of cooked pork emulsion decreased with an increase in NaCl level, and CIE $a^*$ value increased with increasing NaCl concentration (P<0.05). Viscosity of the pork emulsion increased with an increase in NaCl. Texture profile analysis of pork emulsion containing NaCl showed no significant difference in springiness or cohesiveness (P>0.05). Pork emulsion containing 1.5% NaCl showed the highest hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (P<0.05). These results suggest that pork emulsion containing 0.9% and 1.2% NaCl can be used as a low-salt meat product.

• Advances in Energy Research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.13-29
• /
• 2017

The roles of Na, Mn, W and silica, and the synergistic effects between each metal in the $MnNa_2WO_4/SiO_2$ catalyst have been investigated for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The crystallisation of amorphous silica during calcination at $900^{\circ}C$ was promoted primarily by Na, but Mn and W also facilitated this process. The interaction between Na and Mn tended to increase the extent of conversion of $Mn_3O_4$ to $Mn_2O_3$. The formation of $Na_2WO_4$ was dependent on the order in which Na and W were introduced to the catalyst. The impregnation of W before Na resulted in the formation of $Na_2WO_4$, but this did not occur when the impregnation order was reversed. $MnWO_4$ formed in all cases where Mn and W were introduced into the silica support, regardless of the impregnation order; however, the formation of $MnWO_4$ was inhibited in the presence of Na. Of the prepared samples in which a single metal oxide was introduced to silica, only $Mn/SiO_2$ showed OCM activity with significant oxygen conversion, thus demonstrating the important role that Mn plays in promoting oxygen transfer in the reaction. The impregnation order of W and Na is critical for catalyst performance. The active site, which involves a combination of Na-Si-W-O, can be formed in situ when distorted $WO_4^{2-}$ interacts with silica during the crystallisation process facilitated by Na. This can only occur if the impregnation of W occurs before Na addition, or if the two components are introduced simultaneously.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.361-365
• /
• 1999

This atudy was conducted to determine the growth characteristics and photosynthesis of soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Keumjongkongl) 30 day old seedling to 100mM NaCl concentration containing 1/2 Hoagland`s nutrient solution in sand culture. The nodule formation of root is not found perfectly with NaCl stress. The leaf dry matter weight (g/plant) of stressed plant is more reduction in 77% to control than any other characters. The water content (%) is tend to increase but water potential (MPa) is tend to decrease at NaCl stress. The chlorophyll content (SPAD) is tend to increase at growing leaf age of control but decrease at NaCl stress. The photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration are tend to decrease sharply at NaCl stress.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.81-90
• /
• 2016

This study was to investigate the effect of salt stress on physiological characteristics such as plant growth, photosynthesis, solutes related to osmoregulation of Beta vulgaris. A significant increase of dry weight was observed in 50 mM and 100 mM NaCl. The contents of Chl a, b and carotenoid were lower in NaCl treatments than the control. On 14 day after NaCl treatment, photosynthetic rate (P_N), the transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance of CO₂ (g_s) were reduced by NaCl treatment. On 28 day after NaCl treatment, the significant reduction in g_s and E was shown in NaCl 200 mM. However, P_N and water use efficiency (WUE) in all NaCl treatments showed higher value than that of control. Total ion contents (TIC) and osmolality were higher than the control. On 14 day after treatment, the contents of proline (Pro) increased significantly in 200 mM and 300 mM NaCl concentration compared with control, whereas on 28 day in all treatments it was lower than that of the control. The contents of glycine betaine (GB) increased with the increase of NaCl concentration. The contents of Na⁺, Cl^-, GB, osmolality and TIC increased with the increase of NaCl concentrations. These results suggested that under severe NaCl stress conditions, NaCl treatment did not induce photochemical inhibition on fluorescence in the leaves of B. vulgaris, but the reduction of chlorophyll contents was related in a decrease in leaf production. Furthermore, increased GB as well as Na⁺ and Cl^- contents resulted in a increase of osmolality, which can help to overcome NaCl stress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2017.05a
• /
• pp.98.1-98.1
• /
• 2017

본 연구에서는 정전류 조건에서 알루미늄 합금의 PEO(Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) 피막 형성 거동에 대한 전해질 조성의 영향을 아크 발생 양상, 전압-시간 곡선 및 형성된 표면피막의 구조를 관찰하여 연구하였다. 실험에 사용된 전해질은 NaOH 수용액에 $Na_2SiO_3$을 혼합하여 구성되었으며, NaOH와 $Na_2SiO_3$의 농도는 각각 0.01 ~ 1.0 M 와 0 ~ 2.0 M 사이로 조절되었다. 0.01 M NaOH 이하의 용액에서는 양극전압이 500 V 이상으로 상승되고 미세한 아크가 시편 표면 전체에 발생했으나, 0.02 M NaOH 이상의 농도에서는 양극전압이 300 V 이하로 감소되었고 아크발생이 관찰되지 않았다. 아크발생이 일어나지 않는 고농도의 0.5 M NaOH 용액의 경우 0.1 M 이상의 $Na_2SiO_3$를 첨가하였을 때 작은 아크의 무리가 발생되었다. 0.5 M NaOH 수용액에 0.1 M ~ 0.2 M $Na_2SiO_3$가 첨가되었을 땐 아크 무리가 발생하나 이내 일부 영역에서만 반복적으로 아크가 발생하는 로컬 버닝 현상이 일어났다. 한편 0.5 M NaOH 수용액에 0.5 M 이상의 $Na_2SiO_3$가 첨가되었을 때는 로컬 버닝이 일어나지 않고 전 표면에 걸쳐서 아크 무리가 이동하며 PEO 피막이 형성되었다. 0.01 M NaOH 수용액에서 형성된 PEO 피막의 두께는 처리 시간에 따라 증가하지 않고 $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 낮은 값을 보였다. 반면에 NaOH와 $Na_2SiO_3$ 혼합수용액에서 형성된 피막의 두께는 약 $30{\mu}m$ 이상의 높은 값을 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.347-357
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the control effect of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) for Venturia nashicola on Niitaka pear during flowering period. As a nontoxic disinfectant, sodium dichloroisocyanurate is widely used in the field of hygiene and disease prevention, medical treatment, aquiculture as well as plant protection. NaDCC was sprayed on the pear tree inoculated with conidia ($4.5{\times}10^5spores/mL$) of Venturia nashicola and as a result the incidence of pear scab was 23.8% in 750mg/L and 26.2% in 1,000mg/L compare to the 51.6% incidence in untreated tree. No damage in the pollen of pear flower was detected with NaDCC treatments in the full bloom period for six pear cultivar including Wonwhang. A NaDCC single treatment in the early bloom of Niitaka pear showed more than 98% of fertilization rate. Furthermore, there was no incidence of Venturia nashicola on Nitaka pear trees treated with NaDCC 4 times during their growth period.