• Computers and Concrete
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.493-500
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• 2018

Due to the fact that the ratio of their height to their openings is very large compared to normal beams, there are difficulties in the design and analysis of deep beams, which differ in behavior. In this study, the optimum horizontal and vertical reinforcement diameters of 5 different beams were determined by using genetic algorithms (GA) due to the openness/height ratio (L/h), loading condition and the presence of spaces in the body. In this study, the effect of different mutation operators and improved double times sensitive mutation (DTM) operator on GA's performance was investigated. In the study following random mutation (RM), boundary mutation (BM), non-uniform random mutation (NRM), Makinen, Periaux and Toivanen (MPT) mutation, power mutation (PM), polynomial mutation (PNM), and developed DTM mutation operators were applied to five deep beam problems were used to determine the minimum reinforcement diameter. The fitness values obtained using developed DTM mutation operator was higher than obtained from existing mutation operators. Moreover; obtained reinforcement weight of the deep beams using the developed DTM mutation operator lower than obtained from the existing mutation operators. As a result of the analyzes, the highest fitness value was obtained from the applied double times sensitive mutation (DTM) operator. In addition, it was found that this study, which was carried out using GAs, contributed to the solution of the problems experienced in the design of deep beams.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.41-68
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• 1993

Loess를 이용한 제4기 연구는 최근에 있어서 미국 중서부 캔자스대학을 중심으로 집중적으로 이루어지기 시작하였는데 그 이유는 그레이트 플레인즈 지역에 광범위하게 퇴적되어 있는 뢰스층때문이다. 중국의 황토고원에서 연구가 진행되면서 미국내에서도 뢰스층을 통하여 제4기 기후환경 변화추적이 시도되어 온 것이다. 그러나 퇴적층내의 꽃가루, 연체동물 등의 화석의 보존 상태가 극히 불량하여 뢰스층내의 지자기와 안정동위원소인 $^{13}C$를 이용한 복원에 중점을 두어 왔으며 본 논문 내용도 그의 일환이다. 36.000년 전 (Interstadial)부터 현세까지 퇴적된 뢰스가 본 연구지역인 네브라스카주 Bignell구릉지대에서 약 80m에 걸쳐 다양한 퇴적상을 보여 주고 있다. 최종간빙기 및 빙기에 형성된 Peoria loess Brady soil에서 현재까지의 퇴적물을 분석하여 기후환경을 복원하였다. 여기에서는 암석자장을 이용한 자성반응과 $^{13}C$를 이용한 식생의 복원으로 많은 샘플을 분석하여 미시적 데이타가 추출되었다. 한국과 같이 화분분석이 어려운 실정을 감안한다면 이와같은 연구를 통하여 고기후 복원에 기여할 수 있으리라고 생각된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 1984

For the discussion of palaeogeomagnetic field direction and the movement and rotation of geotectonic blocks it is prerequisite to eliminate the secondary remanent magnetization component out of the NRM vector of given rock samples. Among various techniques alternating field and thermal demagnetization methods are most easily applicable and most widely used ones. Physical principle underlying these methods is the concept of relaxation time: Either with an action of external magnetic field or with an elevated temperature relaxation time of magnetic minerals can be drastically shortened. It has been furthermore shown experimentally that the secondary remanent magnetization can be more easily demagnetized than the primary remanent magnetization. Through careful stepwise demagnetization it should also be possible to discriminate the kind of various remanent magnetizations. In addition to the introduction to the underlying physical principles and experimental results of the alternating field and thermal demagnetization this paper gives various practical tips in earring out the demagnetization experiments. Each alternating field and thermal demagnetization instrumentation which is easily adaptable to domestic palaeomagnetic laboratories is also introduced. This paper provides a compact and practical introduction to the methods in palaeomagnetism and would be of interest to present workers and to those who want to embark on research in this field.

• 대순사상과 동아시아종교
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.51-72
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• 2023

This article explores the intersection of freedom of religion, sangsaeng, and symbiosis when considering the post-COVID study of religions, especially new religions. When it comes to the study of new and alternative religious groups, where there is more potential for misunderstanding and misinformation, it becomes all the more important-and indeed mutually beneficial, in the areas of religious liberty, religious freedom, and cross-cultural dialogue-to learn about a tradition by taking into account the spiritual life and practices of members themselves and their own sacred writings and practices. Daesoon Jinrihoe offers a case study of the importance of this principle and the notion of sangsaeng in particular is a fruitful utilitarian lens for thinking about how scholars, journalists, and others might approach the study of religion in our complex and global digital age of (mis) information. Daesoon Jinrihoe is also considered in light of Roy Wallis's typology of world-rejecting, world-affirming, and world-accommodating new religious movements. Open areas for sociological research are proposed and the nascent field of Daesoon studies is compared to some similar scholarly endeavors within NRM studies.

• 대순사상과 동아시아종교
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.57-85
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• 2023

The politico-economic waives of Western imperialism and colonialism, along with Christianity, affected East Asia's geopolitical landscape in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While the Korean people (of the Joseon Dynasty) witnessed the incompetence of Buddhism, Confucianism, and folk religions in maintaining social cohesion with a sense of frustration, the new religious movements (NRMs) emerged to provide altrnative teachings of hope through historical figures like Choe Je-u, Kang Il-sun (or Kang Jeungsan), Na Cheol, and Pak Chungbin. In terms of popularity, colonial Korea (1910-1940) was impressed by the native groups of Cheondogyo (=Donghak), Bocheongyo, and Mugeukdo. Son Byong-hee (1861-1922) was the third leader of the first Korean NRM, but both Cha Gyeong-seok (1880-1936) and Jo Cheol-Je (= Jo Jeongsan) (1895-1958) participated in the post-Jeungsan grassroots movements. How, then, did both of these new religions originate? How did they conceptualise their deities and interpret their teachings differently? What was their policy for national independence? The article explores the socio-religious leaders, historical origin, organizational structure, deities, teaching and doctrines, patriotism, and conflicts of both NRMs in a comparative context. As such, this article argues that they both maintained patriotic characteristics, but that Cha's Bocheongyo community with its ' 60-executives' system (60 bang) failed to manage their internal conflicts effectively. Meanwhile, Jo Cheol-Je of Mugeukdo had the charismatic leadership needed to maintain Mugeukdo, despite being seen as a pseudoreligion under the colonial pressure of Shintoism.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.311-324
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• 1998

Paleomagnetic study is carried out to investigate the possibility of remagnetization by dikes in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin. We selected a site for a contact test as a preliminary study, and collected 41 core samples (7 from andesitic dike, 17 from sedimentary rock on the left side of dike and 17 from sedimentary rock on the right side). Magnetite was responsible for the remagnetization based on microscopic observation and demagnetization analysis. Although the increasement of magnetic susceptibility appears on both sides about 100 cm from the dike, the increment of NRM intensity was obtained from the specimens on the left side only. This is interpreted that the size of magnetite newly formed is dominated by superparamagnetic grains in the right side, but by larger than single-domain grains in the left. Reversed polarity component remagnetized by intrusion of dike was also found only for core samples from 116 cm left side of dike but abscent from right side indicating the remagnetization by the dike depends on the geometric shape and width of the dike, which is supported by field observations. The content of epidote is well correlated with remagnetization, and indicates the hydrothermal alteration/metameorphism was activated by the intrusion. We concluded that the above evidences in this study further support thermally-activated chemical origin of the remagnetization with meager contribution of contact metamorphism, and that any significant evidence of regional-scaled remagnetization was not found in the study area.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 1998

A total of 469 granitic samples were collected from 44 sites in the Ulsan fault area, southeast Korea. According to the previous petrographic studies, the granitic rocks have been divided into four groups (Hornblende biotite granodiorite, Hornblende granite, Biotite granite and Alkali-feldspar granite). NRM intensities, values of low field magnetic susceptibility, and magnetic behaviors during stepwise demagnetization experiments suggest rather a three-fold classification: In this scheme, Hornblende granite and Biotite granite are grouped together, as they did not show any significant differences in magnetic characteristics. Based on the Ishihara (1979)'s criterion, Alkali-feldspar granite is classified as ilmenite-series granite, whereas others are classified as magnetite-series granite. In the eastern part of the study area including the Tertiary basin area, declinations of site-mean characteristic remanent magnetizations (ChRMs) show clockwise deflection of more than 30 from the reference direction of east Asia. Both along and in the adjacent region of the Ulsan fault-line, however, no deflection of remanent direction was observed. A boundary line between the deflected and undeflected site-mean ChRMs is defined in this study, which runs roughly parallel to the Ulsan fault-line at the distance of about 6km eastward from the fault-line. We suggest that this newly found boundary line, which we call Yonil tectonic line, released dextral simple shear stress acted in the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula during the opening stage of the East Sea in the Early Cenozoic.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.241-249
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• 1997

The aim of the present study is to examine the brainstem sites where the electrical stimulation produces a suppression of dorsal horn neuron responses of neuropathic rats. An experimental neuropathy was induced by a unilateral ligation of L5-L6 spinal nerves of rats. Ten to 15 days after surgery, the spinal cord was exposed and single-unit recording was made on wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the dorsal horn. Neuronal responses to mechanical stimuli applied to somatic receptive fields were examined to see if they were modulated by electrical stimulation of various brainstem sites. Electrical stimulation of periaqueductal gray (PAG), n. raphe magnus (RMg) or n. reticularis gigantocellularis (Gi) significantly suppressed responses of WDR neurons -to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Electrical stimulation of other brainstem areas, such as locus coeruleus. (LC) and n. reticularis paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi), produced little or no suppression. Microinjection of morphine into PAG, RMg, or Gi also produced a suppression as similar pattern to the case of electrical stimulation, whereas morphine injection into LC or LPGi exerted no effects. The results suggest that PAG, NRM and Gi are the principle brainstem nuclei involved in the descending inhibitory systems responsible for the control of neuropathic pain. These systems are likely activated by endogenous opioids and exert their inhibitory effect by acting on WDR neurons in the spinal cord.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.681-691
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• 2021

The estimated breeding value (EBV) and accuracy of Hanwoo steer (Korean cattle) is an indicator that can predict the slaughter time in the future and carcass performance outcomes. Recently, studies using pedigrees and genotypes are being actively conducted to improve the accuracy of the EBV. In this study, the pedigree and genotype of 46 steers obtained from livestock farm A in Gyeongnam were used for a pedigree best linear unbiased prediction (PBLUP) and a genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) to estimate and analyze the breeding value and accuracy of the carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), back-fat thickness (BFT), and marbling score (MS). PBLUP estimated the EBV and accuracy by constructing a numeric relationship matrix (NRM) from the 46 steers and reference population I (545,483 heads) with the pedigree and phenotype. GBLUP estimated genomic EBV (GEBV) and accuracy by constructing a genomic relationship matrix (GRM) from the 46 steers and reference population II (16,972 heads) with the genotype and phenotype. As a result, in the order of CWT, EMA, BFT, and MS, the accuracy levels of PBLUP were 0.531, 0.519, 0.524 and 0.530, while the accuracy outcomes of GBLUP were 0.799, 0.779, 0.768, and 0.810. The accuracy estimated by GBLUP was 50.1 - 53.1% higher than that estimated by PBLUP. GEBV estimated with the genotype is expected to show higher accuracy than the EBV calculated using only the pedigree and is thus expected to be used as basic data for genomic selection in the future.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.355-373
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• 2001

옥천비변성대내 예미지역 23개지점으로부터 총 256개의 정향 코어시료를 채취하여 잔류자기 연구를 실시하였다. 연구지역은 태백과 영월사이의 두위봉형 퇴적지역이며 지리적 중심좌표는 37.18$^{\circ}$N, 128.61$^{\circ}$E이다. 일부 시료들에서는 교류 자기세척이 효과를 발휘하였으나 대부분의 경우 고온 열 세척이 특성잔류자기를 추출하는 주요 수단이었다. 캄브리아기 지층(화절층)의 특성잔류자기는 현재자기장 방향과 다르며 100%의 지층경사보정에서 최대의 군집을 이루어 1차잔류자기의 가능성을 제시하였으나 통계학적 습곡검사를 통과하지는 못하였다. 오도비스기 지층 (막골석회암, 고성석회암)의 경우에는 잔류자기 강도가 매우 낮았으며 또한 심하게 재자화되어 있었다. 석탄기 지층(홍점통)의 특성잔류 자기는 습곡검사와 역자화검사를 통과하는 습곡이전의 1차잔류자기이었는데 교류 세척과 열 세척으로 나타난 각각의 안정 잔류자기 방향이 서로 일치를 보여서 1차잔류자기라는 확신을 굳혀주었다. 이 석탄기 지층(홍점통)의 특성잔류자기는 습곡검사와 역자화검사를 통과하는 습곡이전의 1차잔류자기이었는데 교류 세척과 열 세척으로 나타난 각각의 안정 잔류자기 방향이 서로 일치를 보여서 1차잔류자기라는 확신을 굳혀주었다. 이 석탄기 지층의 특성잔류자기는 한노두에서도 지층의 상하부에 따라 방향이 상당히 다르게 나타나는데 이는 홍점통이 퇴적되는 동안 지구의 자극이 이동되었던 데에 기인한 것으로 해석된다. 석탄기 지층을 상하부로 구분하여 평균 특성잔류자기 방향을 산출하고 이로부터 고자기학적 북극의 위치를 구하여 중국의 것과 비교하면 북중국지괴(NCB)의 것과 매우 유사한 반면 남중국지괴(SCB)의 것과는 판이하게 다르다. 따라서 예미지역은 석탄기동안에 북중국지괴의 일부였거나 최소한 이에 근접하여 있었음을 알 수 있다. 페름기 지층(사동통, 고방산통)으로부터는 현재자장방향으로 재자화된 습곡이후의 2차잔류자기만이 검출되었다.