• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.962-967
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• 2010

The influences of the different mixture of urea fertilizer and pig manure compost as a nitrogen (N) source on Chinese cabbage yield, N uptake, and N agronomic efficiency (AE) were evaluated in two soils having different soil fertility levels. Increasing urea application level was very effective to improve yield and N uptake of Chinese cabbage, and the highest yield was obtained by urea fertilization alone in two soils. On the other hand, the lowest yield and N uptake was obtained from compost alone application in two soils. There was no significant difference in terms of the nitrogen AE between low and high fertility soils that were fully applied with urea. The AE values of Chinese cabbage applied by compost alone were significantly higher in the soil having a low fertility (28.8 g $g^{-1}$) than that in soil with high fertility (16.2 g $g^{-1}$), suggesting that N in compost was more responsive in improving the yield of Chinese cabbage in low fertility soils.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2019

The objective of this study was investigated the effect of organic fertilizer(OF) application on the grain yield, protein content, and soil chemical properties in rice cultivation to evaluate the replacement ratio of OF based on basal fertilization of inorganic(nitrogen) fertilizer, In case of soil 1 with optimum range of organic matter for rice growth, the grain yield of rice in 70% and 100% treatments of OF were higher than the other treatments. In soil 2 with higher than the optimum range of soil organic matter, the grain yield of rice of NPK, 30%, 70%, 100%, and 300% treatments of OF showed no significant difference. When the protein criteria of rice quality was below 7%, the treatment of 30%, 70%, and 100% using OF in soil 1 were satisfied with protein criteria of rice. In case of soil 1, ammonium nitrogen content, electrical conductivity, and the organic matter in 30%, 70%, 100%, 300% treatments of OF showed similar tendency to NPK treatment. These results suggested that the substitution ratio of OF 70~100% could be appropriate to increase the yield and commercial quality for rice.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 1985

This field experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of three levels of inclination ($10^{\circ},\;20^{\circ},\;and\;30^{\circ}$) and four rates of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (0-0-0-, 14-10-10, 28-25-25, and 42-40-40kg/10a) on establishment, yield and quality, and botanical compositions of mixed grass-clover sward. This second part is concerned with the soil chemical properties, concentrations and uptake of mineral nutrients, and percent recovery and efficiency of NPK. The results obtained after a two-year experiment are summarized as follows: 1. The pH, exchangeable Mg and Na, and base saturation in the surface soils were decreased by increasing the grade of inclination, whereas organic matter and available $P_2O_5$ tended to be increased. However, the changes in the Ca content and equivalent ratio of $K\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ were not significant. The pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and base saturation were reduced by increasing the NPK rate, whereas available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable K, and equivalent ratio of $K\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ tended to be increased. 2. The concentrations of mineral nutrients in grasses and weeds were not significantly affected by increasing the grade of slope in hilly pasture, whereas the concentrations of N, K, and Mg in legume were the lowest with the steep slope, which seemed to be related to the low legume yield. The Mg concentrations of all forage species were below the critical level for good forage growth and likelihood of grass tetany. 3. The increase of NPK rate resulted in the increment of N, K and Na concentrations, and the decrease of Mg and Ca in grasses. The P concentration was increased with P application, but there were no differences in that among the P rates applied. It resulted also in a slight increase of K, and a decrease of Mg in legume, but the contents of N, Ca, and Na were not affected by that. On the other hand, it has not affected the mineral contents in weeds except a somewhat increase of N. The mixed forages showed a increase of N and K contents, a decrease of Ca and Mg, and a slight change in P and Na. 4. The percent recovery of N, P and K by mixed forages were greatly decreased by increasing the grade of inclination and NPK rate. They were high in the order; K>N>P. The efficiency of mixed NPK applications was decreased by that. The efficiency of mixed NPK fertilizers absorbed was slightly decreased by the increased rate of NPK, but it was not affected by the grade of inclination.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.474-481
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• 2013

Understanding the microbial community structure of agricultural soils is important for better soil management in order to improve soil quality. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis has been popularly used in determining the microbial community structure in different ecosystems. The microbial community structure of paddy soil under long-term fertilizer treatments was investigated after 45 years using PLFA analysis. Treatments were control (no fertilization, Con), compost (COM), NPK, NPK+compost (NPKC), PK, NK, and NP. Soil chemical properties were mainly affected by the addition of compost and inorganic P fertilizer. Total nitrogen and organic matter contents were significantly higher in treatments with compost while available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable calcium were significantly higher in treatments with added inorganic P fertilizer. It was found that microbial communities were responsive to the different fertilizer treatments. PLFA results showed that the soils were dominated by gram-negative bacteria, followed by the actinomycetes, then gram-positive bacteria, and fungi. Principal component analysis of the soil chemical properties and PLFA composition proved to be a more reliable tool because it was more responsive to the changes in soil chemical properties.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.142-146
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• 2009

In this study cadmium content of sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor) was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer at different burner heights (3, 6, 9 mm). We considered the 6 mm burner height condition favorable among the three. The mean Cd content of each treatment are as follows: Alum+NPK, 1.90 mg/kg; Control, 3.14 mg/kg; Compost, 3.35 mg/kg; and Compost+NPK, 4.23 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.987-994
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• 2010

To investigate the effect of long term application of organic matter in upland soils, plots for treatments of NPK, NPK+pig manure compost, rape seed cake, rice straw compost, and green manure were set up. Populations of Bacillus and Gram negative bacteria were high in the plot treated with green manure application, but microbial biomass was increased with chemical fertilizer or pig manure compost in upland soils. Activities of phosphomonoesterase and dehydrogenase were high with organic matter application comparing to control. Cluster patterns analysed using phospholipid fatty acid of plots treated with rice straw and or pig manure compost were clearly different comparing with other treatments. Dominant bacteria in upland soils were Bacillus flexus, B. subtilis and B. megaterium. And the strains isolated from upland soils had amylase, protease and lipase activities.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.484-494
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• 2019

This paper presents a preliminary investigation of the optimum nutrients combination required for bioremediation of spent-engine oil contaminated soil using Box-Behnken-Design. Three levels of cow-manure, poultry-manure and inorganic nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizer were used as independent biostimulants variables; while reduction in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and total soil porosity (TSP) response as dependent variables were monitored under 6-week incubation. Ex-situ data generated in assessing the degree of biodegradation in the soil were used to develop second-order quadratic regression models for both TPH and TSP. The two models were found to be highly significant and good predictors of the response fate of TPH-removal and TSP-improvement, as indicated by their coefficients of determination: $R^2=0.9982$ and $R^2=1.000$ at $p{\leq}0.05$, respectively. Validation of the models showed that there was no significant difference between the predicted and observed values of TPH-removal and TSP-improvement. Using numerical technique, the optimum values of the biostimulants required to achieve a predicted maximum TPH-removal and TSP-improvement of 67.20 and 53.42%-dry-weight per kg of the contaminated soil were as follows: cow-manure - 125.0 g, poultry-manure - 100.0 g and NPK-fertilizer - 10.5 g. The observed values at this optimum point were 66.92 and 52.65%-dry-weight as TPH-removal and TSP-improvement, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.239-247
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing plant performance and bioactive compound concentrations in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). This factorial pot experiment included nine replications over 120 days of cultivation. Three AMF species (Rhizophagus prolifer, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and Acaulospora mellea) were utilized as inoculum, while non-mycorrhizal controls with or without synthetic NPK fertilizer were compared. Interestingly, C. etunicatum KS-02 inoculations effectuated the best fruit growth and weight, which were statistically higher than those of the control without AMF. However, only fruit fresh weight was higher in plants inoculated with C. etunicatum KS-02 than those treated with the synthetic NPK fertilizer. In addition, C. etunicatum KS-02 inoculations induced a ≥ 11% increase in DDPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) activity, lycopene content, and carotenoid content compared to the control. This study is the first to report Claroideoglomus species' effectiveness in promoting growth, fruit yield, and bioactive compound production in L. esculentum Mill. These findings substantiate the significant potential of C. etunicatum KS-02 for tomato cultivation without the adverse effects of excessive synthetic fertilizer use.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 1999

Studies were conducted during 2 months from May of 1997 to evaluate the effects of pig manure compost(PMC) on soil microbial flora. To do so, a field experiment of Chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris L.) was conducted in a randomized block design on a sandy loam soil and microbial floral characteristics in soils were analyzed. Treatments to control included the application of PMC at (A) $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$CM-8), (B) $29Mg\;ha^{-1}$(CM-2,9), and (C) $57Mg\;ha^{-1}$(CM-57), and of chemical fertilizer(D) at $320N-80P_2O_5-200K_2O\;kg\;ha^{-1}$(NPK). In each treatment, the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were tested for the analysis of microbial populations. The populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi increased in soils with the applications of PMC and chemical fertilizer, but that of Bacillus sp. decreased. However, the population of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. was reduced in NPK plots only. With increasing application rates of PMC, the number of colony forming units(cfu) of bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. and actinomycetes) and fungi increased. in all PMC-treated plots, the population density peaked at early growth stage for bacteria(including Bacillus sp.), at late growth for fluorscent Pseudomonas sp., and at harvest for fungi and actinomycetes. The rhizosphere effect was greatest for fluorscent Pseudomonas sp. As the application rates of PMC increased, Total N, organic matter, available phosphate, and exchangeable -K, -Ca, and -Mg increased compared to control, but soil pH was lowered. In NPK plots, EC was 3.4-fold and exchangeable K was 5-fold higher than control.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 1994

An attempt was made to provide the most resonable fertilizer recommendation for sesame and peanut crops based on soil analytical data and yield response to the NPK fertilizer application, which were obtained from field experiments conducted during 1970 to 1993. 1. According to the analytical data of sesame and peanut soils obtained in 1985~1993, the contents of organic matter, available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were increased in sesame soils, but the those components were decreased in peanut soils. 2. The yield index of the plot without N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ fertilizer were 81-84, 84~92 and 81~92, respectively, as the yield of NPK plot was regarded as 100. 3. Linear or quadratic equations derived from the relationship between soil analysis data and fertilizer application rates were proposed for NPK recommendation. The parameters of soil analysis used in the equations for N, P and K were organic matter, available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable K, respectively. 4. Revised fertilizer recommendation based on the soil chemical status enable to save the fertilizer application of sesame and peanut soils. The amounts of saved NPK fertilizers were 5.1kg N/10a(increase in 2.8kg N/10a for peanut), 0.9~2.9kg $P_2O_5/10a$, and 1.7~5.8kg $K_2O$/10a.