• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.67-70
• /
• 2001

Medicago truncatula is a diploid legume plant related to the forage crop alfalfa. Recently, it has been chosen as a model species for genomic studies due to its small genome, self-fertility, short generation time, and high transformation efficiency. M. truncatula engages in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium Rhizobium meliloti. M. truncatula mutants that are defective in nodulation and developmental processes have been generated. Some of these mutants exhibited altered phenotypes in symbiotic responses such as root hair deformation, expression of nodulin genes, and calcium spiking. Thus, the genes controlling these traits are likely to encode functions that are required for Nod-factor signal transduction pathways. To facilitate genome analysis and map-based cloning of symbiotic genes, a bacterial artificial chromosome library was constructed. An efficient polymerase chain reaction-based screening of the library was devised to fasten physical mapping of specific genomic regions. As a genomics approach, comparative mapping revealed high levels of macro- and microsynteny between M. truncatula and other legume genomes. Expressed sequence tags and microarray profiles reflecting the genetic and biochemical events associated with the development and environmental interactions of M. truncatula are assembled in the databases. Together, these genomics programs will help enrich our understanding of the legume biology.

• 자원리싸이클링
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 1996

국내산 무연탄의 경우 약 0.3∼7% 정도의 황을 포함하고 있어 연소시 대기오염은 물론 산성비의 원인이 되는 SOx 및 NOx 등을 배출한다. 환경오염 문제에 대처하기 위한 화력발전소의 SOx 방출 허용기준치는 우리나라의 경우 1995년 500ppm이지만 1999년에는 270ppm으로 강화될 전망이다. 본 연구에서는 고구배 자선기를 이용하여 습식 자력선탄과 오일 응집에 의한 탈황의 가능성을 조사하였다. 자력선별법에서는 입도의 크기, matrix 종류, 광액의 농도, 급광속도, 정선횟수 그리고 탄종변화 등을 실험한 결과 최적 실험조건에서 강릉지역산 시료의 석탄회수율은 82.1%, 황분제거율은 60.8%이었다. 오일 응집 시험에서는 pH변화, 응집제의 종류 및 첨가량, 광액의 농도, 정산 그리고 탄화도 등에 관하여 실험한 결과 마로산시료의 석탄회수율 98.0%이었으며, 회 및 황의 제거율은 각각 70.9%와 95.7%이었다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.79-92
• /
• 2019

Humanized mice, containing engrafted human cells and tissues, are emerging as an important in vivo platform for studying human diseases. Since the development of Nod scid gamma (NSG) mice bearing mutations in the IL-2 receptor gamma chain, many investigators have used NSG mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to generate functional human immune systems in vivo, results in high efficacy of human cell engraftment. The development of NSG mice has allowed significant advances to be made in studies on several human diseases, including cancer and graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), and in regenerative medicine. Based on the human HSC transplantation, organ transplantation including thymus and liver in the renal capsule has been performed. Also, immune reconstruction of cells, of the lymphoid as well as myeloid lineages, has been partly accomplished. However, crosstalk between pluripotent stem cell derived therapeutic cells with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mis/matched types and immune CD3 T cells have not been fully addressed. To overcome this hurdle, human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, not mouse MHC molecules, are required to generate functional T cells in a humanized mouse model. Here, we briefly summarize characteristics of the humanized mouse model, focusing on development of CD3 T cells with MHC molecules. We also highlight the necessity of the humanized mouse model for the treatment of various human diseases.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.92-98
• /
• 2019

Metformin is a drug used for the treatment of diabetes and is associated with anti-inflammatory reaction, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of metformin on the inflammatory response in BV-2 microglial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8). The results revealed that metformin significantly attenuated several inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells, including the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6, involved in the activation of Beclin-1, a crucial regulator of autophagy. In addition, metformin inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK. Metformin also suppressed the activation of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasomes composed of NLRP3, caspase-1, and apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, which are involved in the innate immune response. Notably, metformin decreased the secretion of S100A8-induced IL-6 production. These findings suggest that metformin alleviates the neuroinflammatory response via autophagy activation.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.377-383
• /
• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Hyperglycemia-induced hepatic damage has been recognized as one of the major cause of complications in diabetes. Hepatic complications are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetes. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that gamma-tocopherol (GT) supplementation ameliorates NLRP3 inflammasome associated hepatic inflammation in diabetes. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diabetes was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg. BW) in ICR mice. All mice were fed with a control diet (AIN-76A). After diabetes was induced (fasting glucose level ${\geq}250mg/dL$), the mice were treated with tocopherol-stripped corn oil or GT-supplemented (35 mg/kg) corn oil, respectively, by gavage for 2 weeks. RESULTS: GT supplementation reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic mice relative to non-treated diabetic mice. Moreover, GT supplementation ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced hepatic damage by regulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome associated inflammation represented by NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain, caspase-1, nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ pathway as well as oxidative stress demonstrated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1, catalase and glutathione-dependent peroxidase in diabetic mice. CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that GT supplementation ameliorated hepatic damage by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Taken together, GT could be a beneficial nutrient that can ameliorate inflammatory responses associated with NLRP3 inflammasome in hyperglycemia-induced hepatic damage.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 2010

최근 상호운용성과 지능화 및 개인화가 강조되는 IT 기술 추세에 맞추어 Geospatial Web이 Semantic Web과 접목되면서 다양한 지리 공간 정보와 일반 웹상의 방대한 비공간 정보를 효율적으로 연계 및 통합하여 사용자에게 보다 적합한 정보를 제공할 수 있는 지능적인 지리 정보 웹 서비스 기술인 Geo Semantic Web이 제시되었다. 이러한 Geo Semantic Web 서비스를 위해서는 웹 환경에 산재한 지식 및 정보를 컴퓨터가 자동으로 처리할 수 있게 하기 위한 Geo Ontology 처리 기술의 개발이 필요하다. 그러나 아직까지 Geo Ontology 처리 기술에 관한 표준은 제정되어 있지 않고 표준화 기구와 여러 단체 및 기관 등에서 관련 연구를 진행 중이다. 본 논문에서는 그동안 진행되었던 Geo Ontology와 관련된 다양한 기반 이론 및 기술들을 적용하여 Geo Semantic Web 시스템을 설계 및 구현하였다. Geo Semantic Web 시스템은 Geo Semantic 질의를 분석 및 처리하고 세션을 관리하기 위한 질의 처리 관리자, Geo Ontology를 생성 및 질의하고 공간/비공간 데이타를 추출하기 위한 온톨로지 관리자, 그리고 클라이언트로 구성된다. 마지막으로, 본 논문에서는 이러한 Geo Semantic Web 시스템을 Geo Semantic 질의가 필요한 가상 시나리오에 적용해 봄으로써 시스템의 효용성을 검증하였다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.73-82
• /
• 2015

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is recognized by the innate immune system through Toll like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I. These pathways lead to the activation of type I interferons and resistance to infection. In contrast to TLRs, very few studies have examined the role of NOD-like receptors in viral recognition and induction of adaptive immune responses to RSV. Caspase-1 plays an essential role in the immune response via the maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-18. However, the role of caspase-1 in RSV infection in vivo is unknown. We demonstrate that RSV infection induces IL-$1{\beta}$ secretion and that caspase-1 deficiency in bone marrow derived dendritic cells leads to defective IL-$1{\beta}$ production, while normal RSV viral clearance and T cell responses are observed in caspase-1 deficient mice following respiratory infection with RSV. The frequencies of IFN-${\gamma}$ producing or RSV specific T cells in lungs from caspase-1 deficient mice are not impaired. In addition, we demonstrate that caspase-1 deficient neonatal or young mice also exhibit normal immune responses. Furthermore, we find that IL-1R deficient mice infected with RSV exhibit normal Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) immune responses. Collectively, these results demonstrate that in contrast to TLR pathways, caspase-1 might not play a central role in the induction of Th1 and CTL immune responses to RSV.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.55-68
• /
• 2004

본 연구에서는 고속도로 교통정보의 적정 가치를 산정하고자 비 시장재의 가치 추정에 많이 적용되고 있으며 환경경제학 분야에서 발전되어온 조건부 가치측정법을 사용하였다. 비 시장재인 고속도로 교통정보의 적정한 가치를 추정하기 위하여 가상 시나리오를 설계하고 설문의 신뢰도를 높이기 위하여 교통관련 분야의 전공자를 설문자로 하였으며 일대일 면접을 실시하였다. 또한 질문 방법으로 개방형 질문과 지불카드 방법을 혼용하여 사용하였다. 교통정보의 가치추정식으로 다중회귀 모형을 사용하여 교통정보의 가치에 영향을 미치는 정도를 알아보았다. 연구결과 정보별 1회 이용시 지불하고자 하는 가격은 현재 제공되는 가격보다 다소 비싼 가격을 지불할 의사를 보였으나 전체적인 가격을 묻는 월정액은 낮게 지불의사를 표시하였다. 이는 개별적인 정보에 대한 가치나 유용성은 수긍하나 공공의 정보는 무료로 제공되어야 한다는 다수 이용객들의 인식이 지불 의사를 낮게 표시한 것으로 판단된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.194-198
• /
• 2013

Recent papers have shown that the initial event in the pathogenesis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) comprises sensing of molecular patterns released from apoptotic ${\beta}$-cells by innate immune receptors such as toll-like receptor (TLR). We have reported that apoptotic ${\beta}$-cells undergoing secondary necrosis called 'late apoptotic' ${\beta}$-cells stimulate dendritic cells (DCs) and induce diabetogenic T cell priming through TLR2. The role of other innate immune receptors such as TLR7 or TLR9 in the initiation of T1D has also been suggested. We hypothesized that TLR2 blockade could inhibit T1D at the initial step of T1D. Indeed, when a TLR2 agonist, $Pam3CSK_4$ was administered chronically, the development of T1D in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice was inhibited. Diabetogenic T cell priming by DCs was attenuated by chronic treatment with $Pam3CSK_4$, indicating DC tolerance. For the treatment of established T1D, immune tolerance alone is not enough because ${\beta}$-cell mass is critically reduced. We employed TLR2 tolerance in conjunction with islet transplantation, which led to reversal of newly established T1D. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors are a new class of anti-diabetic agents that have beneficial effects on ${\beta}$-cells. We investigated whether a combination of DPP4 inhibition and TLR2 tolerization could reverse newly established T1D without islet transplantation. We could achieve normoglycemia by TLR2 tolerization in combination with DPP4 inhibition but not by TLR2 tolerization or DPP4 inhibition alone. ${\beta}$-cell mass was significantly increased by combined treatment with TLR2 tolerization and DPP4 inhibition. These results suggest the possibility that a novel strategy of TLR tolerization will be available for the inhibition or treatment of established T1D when combined with measures increasing critically reduced ${\beta}$-cell mass of T1D patients such as DPP4 inhibition or stem cell technology.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제35권7호
• /
• pp.585-597
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 비쌍극자 모형이 제시된 읽기 자료만으로 교사들의 편각에 대한 이해도가 얼마나 높아질 수 있는지를 알아보았다. 그와 함께 2009 개정 교육과정 하의 "지구과학 II" 교과서에서 기술된 내용이 과거의 교과서 내용과 얼마나 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 편각에 대한 이해도 조사는 1급 정교사 연수를 받고 있는 경기도 지역 교사 30명, 서울지역 교사 33명을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 연구 결과 첫째 교사들도 편각에 관한 여러 오개념을 가지고 있었으며 대표적으로 나침반 바늘이 자북극을 가리킨다고 하는 오개념이 있었다. 이러한 오개념은 읽기 자료만으로도 잘 수정되지 않았다. 둘째로 비쌍극자 모형이 포함된 읽기 자료를 통해 편각에 대한 이해가 높아졌으며, 셋째로 개발된 자료는 학생들에 비해 교사들에게 더욱 효과적임을 통계적인 방식으로 확인하였으며 마지막으로 현재 사용되고 있는 교과서에서 제시되고 있는 비쌍극자 모형이 포함된 설명도 보완 수정이 필요함을 알았다.