• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.121-131
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• 2006

Atmospheric bulk (wet and dry) samples were monthly collected in Masan and Heangam areas of Korea, to assess the deposition flux and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deposition fluxes of PAHs in bulk samples were determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer detector (GC/MSD). Particle deposition fluxes from Masan and Haengam areas varied from 13 to $87\;g/m^2/year$ and from 5 to $52\;g/m^2/year$, respectively. PAHs deposition fluxes in atmospheric bulk samples in Masan and Haengam areas ranged from 135 to $464\;{\mu}g/m^2/year$ and from 62.2 to $194\;{\mu}g/m^2/year$, respectively. Atmospheric deposition fluxes of particles and PAHs in this study were comparable to or slightly lower values than those from different locations in Korea and other countries. PAHs profiles of atmospheric deposition bulk samples showed slightly different from two sampling areas, however the predominant species of PAHs were similar. Indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, phenanthrene compounds were the most detected PAHs in deposition bulk samples. Carcinogenic PAHs occupied the contribution of approximately $30-40\%$ of the total PAHs deposition fluxes. The non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used, to assess the differentiation of PAHs source between two sampling areas. The result suggests that PAHs contamination sources were different according to the location and season surveyed. There was no an apparent relationship between the PAHs deposition flux against temperature and rainfall amount, even though summer season with the highest temperature and the largest amount of precipitation showed the lowest PAHs deposition flux. Benzo(e)pyrene/benzo(a)pyrene ratio indicated that the photo-degradation process was one of important factors to the seasonal variation of PAHs with the lower deposition fluxes.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.468-477
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• 2007

The DTC of voltage source inverter-fed PMSMs is based on hysteresis controllers of torque and flux. It has several advantages, namely, elimination of the mandatory rotor position sensor, less computation time, and rapid torque response. In addition, the stator resistance is the only parameter, which should be known, and no reference frame transformation is required. The DTC theory has achieved great success in the control of induction motors. However, for the control of PMSM drives proposed a few years ago, there are many basic theoretical problems that must be clarified. This paper describes an investigation into the effect of the zero voltage space vectors in the DTC system and points out that if using it rationally, not only can the DTC of the PMSM drive be driven successfully, but torque and flux ripples are reduced and overall performance of the system is improved. The implementation of DTC in PMSM drives is described and the switching tables specific for an interior PMSM are derived. The conventional eight voltage-vector switching table, which is namely used in the DTC of induction motors does not seem to regulate the torque and stator flux in a PMSM well when the motor operates at low speed. Modelling and simulation studies have both revealed that a six voltage-vector switching table is more appropriate for PMSM drives at low speed. In addition, the sources of difficulties, namely, the error in the detection of the initial rotor position, the variation of stator resistance, and the offsets in measurements are analysed and discussed.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.635-646
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• 2004

Chronic outbreaks of green tide in the Nakdong estuary toll a heavy socioeconomic cost. The paper investigates the influence of sediments on the nitrogen eutrophication, being claimed as the primary cause of green tide. To measure the flux of nitrate at the sediments-water interface, sediment cores were taken in Jan., Mar., May and Sep., 2000 at Noksan located in the West-Nakdong river estuary. The dissolved oxygen was profiled and then the pore water was extracted in situ. Core samples were analyzed for their textural characteristics. Cores were incubated by a novel technique to measure the fluxes of nitrate $(NO_3^-)$ and ammonia $(NH_4^+)$ at the sediment-water interface. The dissolved oxygen was depleted usually within several millimeters in the top sediments. Nitrate started to decrease drastically at the layer where dissolved oxygen was nearly depleted. Nitrate was also exhausted within several centimeters, followed by ammonia build up rapidly. The flux at the sediments-water interface calculated from the pore water concentrations revealed that nitrate was removed from the water column into the sediments. The sediment incubation experiment confirmed the above result. On the other hand ammonia were released from the sediment to the water column. As the incubation went on, however, the nitrate concentration in the overlying water was dropped below that of a top sediment. Then the flux is reversed, i.e., nitrate was released from the sediments to the water column. The implication is that the sediment can supply nitrate to the water column if it falls below a certain level. Thus it is likely that sediments in the eutrophicated river buffers the nitrate concentration in the water column, which leads to a prolonged green tide.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.503-507
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• 1998

Percutaneous absorption and model membrane variations of melationin (MT) in aqueous-based propylene glycol and $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin $vehicles were investigatted. the excised hairless mouse skin (HMS) and two synthetic ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and microporous polyethylene (MPE) were selected as a model membrane. the solubility of MT was determined by phase equilibrium study. the vertical $Franz{\circledR}$ type cell was used for diffusion study. The concentration of MT was determined using reverse phse HPLC system. The MT solubility was the highest in a mixture of PG and $2-HP{\beta}CD$. The percutaneous absorption of MT through excised HMS increased as the solubility increased. However, the permeability coefficient decreased and then slightly increased in mixture of PG and $2-HP{\beta}CD$. On the other hand, both flux and permeability coefficient through EVA membrane decreased as the solubility increased. No MT was detected over 12 h after starting diffusion through MPE membrane. The flux of MT was dependent on the type of membrane selected. Flux of MT was greatest in excised HMS followed by EBA and MPE membrane. Flux of MT through EVA membrane was 5-20 times lower when compared to excised HMS. Interestingly, volumes of donor phase when MPE membrane was used, significantly increased during the study period. the HMS might be applicable to expect plasma concentration of MT in human subjects based on flux and pharmacokinetic parameters as studied previously. the current studies may be applied to deliver MT transdermally using aqueous-based vehicles and to fabricate MT dosage forms.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.248-253
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• 2014

Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) is one of several technologies that can be used to solve problems fresh water availability. AGMD exhibits several advantages, including low conductive heat loss and higher thermal efficiency, due to the presence of an air gap between the membrane and condensation wall. A previous study by Bhardwaj found that the condensation surface properties (materials and contact angle) affected the total collected fresh water in the solar distillation process. However, the process condition differences between solar distillation and AGMD might result in different condensation phenomena. In contrast, N. Miljkovic showed that a hydrophobic surface has higher condensation heat transfer. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study that investigates the effect of condensation surface properties in AGMD to overall process performance (i.e. flux and thermal efficiency). Thus, in this study, we treated the AGMD condensation surface to make it hydrophobic or hydrophilic. The condensation surface could be made hydrophilic by immersing and boiling plate in deionized (DI) water, which caused the formation of hydrophilic aluminum hydroxide (AlOOH) nanostructures. Afterwards, the treated plate was coated using hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The result indicated that condensation surface properties do not affect the permeate flux or thermal efficiency significantly. In general, the permeate flux and thermal efficiency for the treated plates were lower than those of the non-treated plate (pristine). However, at a 1 mm and 3 mm air gap, the treated plate outperformed the non-treated plate (pristine) in terms of permeate flux. Therefore, although surface wettability effect was not significant, it still provided a little influence.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.509-518
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• 2013

지표와 대기간의 에너지 및 수문기상인자들의 교환에 대한 이해는 수자원분야의 연구에 있어서 기초라 할 수 있으며 이를 위하여 Land Surface Mode(LSM)을 활용한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. Noah Land Surface Model (Noah LSM)은 에너지 방정식과 물수지 방정식을 기반으로 한 지면모형으로 수문기상인자들에 대한 모의가 가능하다. 국외에는 Noah LSM을 이용한 다양한 연구사례들이 있으나, 국내에서는 적용사례가 매우 부족하며, 특히 단독으로 Noah LSM을 적용한 사례는 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 Noah LSM의 국내 적용성을 평가하기 위해 해남(HFK)과 광릉(GDK) Korea Flux Network (KoFlux)에서 제공하는 자료를 입력자료로 활용하여 모형 결과를 산출하고, 순 복사량, 잠열, 현열의 결과를 관측자료와 비교 검증하였다. 모형 결과와 관측치를 비교한 결과 회귀분석에서의 상관계수 값이 각 인자 별로 해남은 0.83~099, 광릉은 0.64~0.99로 신뢰할 만한 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2001

중공사막의 일단이 자유롭게 움직여 막 오염 현상을 줄일 수 있도록 고안된 침지형 프리엔드 중 공사막 모듈에 아주 짧은 주기로 역세를 실시하는 역충격을 적용하여 중공사막의 기초 오염 특성을 조사하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 막은 폴리설폰(PS, polysulfone)과 폴리아크릴로니트릴(PAN, polyacrylonitrile) 재질의 내경 0.7mm, 외경 1.3mm, 분획분자량 50,000인 한외 여과막을 사용하여 모듈을 제작 후 MLSS 10,000mg/L의 반응조를 침지하였다. PS 중공사막의 역충격 유무에 따른 투과율과 압력 변화를 측정하였다. 역충격을 가하지 않은 경우, 모듈의 투과율은 초기 3시간 동안 급격히 감소하였고 150시간 이후에 일정한 투과율을 나타내었다. 역충격을 가한 모듈의 투과율 감소율은 현저히 줄어들었다. PS과 PAN 재질 중공사막의 역충격에 대한 영향을 15kPa에서 비교한 결과 초기 투과율은 PS 막이 19lmh, PAN 막이 16lmh이었다. 그러나 PS 막은 급격한 막 오염으로 인하여 압력이 30kPa까지 상승하였고 PAN 막은 15kPa에서 거의 일정하게 유지되었다. 160시간 이후 역충격을 멈추었을 때 PAN 막의 투과율은 역충격이 있을 때보다 더욱 감소하였고 PS 막은 역충격을 주었을 경우와 비슷한 투과율을 나타내었다. PAN 막은 역충격으로 인하여 막의 오염이 지연되고 있는 상태에서 역충격의 영향이 없어지므로 막의 오염이 계속적으로 생기는 것이고, PS 막의 경우는 초기의 급격한 막의 오염 때문에 역충격으로 인한 막오염 지연효과가 적었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.373-380
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• 2008

In order to develop optimal formulation and iontophoresis condition for the transdermal delivery of levodopa, we have evaluated the effect of two permeation enhancers, ethanol and oleic acid in microemulsion, on transdermal delivery of levodopa. In vitro flux studies were performed at $33^{\circ}C$, using side-by-side diffusion cell and full thickness hairless mouse skin. Current density applied was $0.4\;mA/cm^2$ and current was off after 6 hours application. Levodopa was analysed by HPLC at 280 nm. The o/w microemulsions of oleic acid in buffer solution (pH 2.5 & 4.5) were prepared using oleic acid, Tween 80 and ethanol. The existence of microemulsion regions were investigated in pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Contrary to our expectation, cumulative amount of levodopa transported from microemulsion (pH 2.5) for 10 hours was similar to that from aqueous solution in all delivery methods (passive, anodal and cathodal). When pH of the micro-emulsion was pH 4.5, cumulative amount of levodopa transported for 10 hours increased about 40% (anodal) to 50% (cathodal), when compared to that from aqueous solution. Flux from pH 4.5 microemulsion showed higher value than that from pH 2.5 in all delivery methods. These results seem to indicate that electroosmosis plays more dominant role than electrorepulsion in the flux of levodopa at pH 2.5. The effect of ethanol on iontophoretic flux was studied using pH 2.5 phosphate buffer solution containing 3% or 5% (v/v) ethanol. Flux enhancement was observed in passive and anodal delivery as the concentration of the ethanol increased. Without ethanol, cathodal delivery showed higher flux than anodal delivery. Anodal delivery increased the cumulative amount of levodopa transported 1.6 fold by 5% ethanol after 10 hours. However, in cathodal delivery, no flux enhancement of levodopa was observed during current application and only marginal increase in cumulative amount transported after 10 hours was observed by 5% ethanol. These results seem to be related to the decrease in dielectric constant of the medium and the lipid extraction of the ethanol, which decrease the electroosmotic flow, and thus decrease the flux. Overall, the results provide important insights into the role of electroosmosis and electrorepulsion in the transport of levodopa through skin, and provide some useful informations for optimal formulation for levodopa.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권6호
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• pp.496-503
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• 2005

본 연구는 2004년 9월에서 10월까지 경기도 광릉시험림내 국립산림과학원 산림수문 유역시험지인 전나무 인공림에서 수목의 증산에 의해 나타나는 수액이동량과 토양수분장력 및 토양함수율의 변화를 조사하고, 이들 간의 상호작용을 밝히기 위하여 수행되었다. 대상지인 전나무림은 1976년 조림지로서 1996년 2월부터 7월까지 1차 간벌과 가지치기를 실시하였으며 2004년 4월에 2차 간벌과 가지치기를 실시하였다. 수액이동량은 수액유속계로 측정하였으며, 토양수분장력은 사면부와 계류부에 텐시오미터를 설치하여 조사하였다. 토양함수량은 사면부에 10, 30, 50 cm 깊이로 TDR을 매설하여 관측하였으며, 각 조사항목들은 30분단위로 측정하여 데이터로거에 저장하였다. 조사기간 동안 일일 평균수액이동량은 10.16l이고, 최대는 15.09l, 최소는 0.01l였다. 시간별로는 9시부터 수액이동량이 증가하기 시작하여 13시에 최대치인 30분당 0.74l에 달하였으며, 15시까지 그 값이 유지된 후 급감하기 시작하여 19시를 지나면서 0으로 수렴하였고 야간에는 수액이동이 거의 없었다. 강우시에는 주간에도 수액이동량이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 토양수분장력은 사면에서 평균 $-141.3cmH_2O$, $-52.9cmH_2O$, $-134.2cmH_2O$로 낮았으며, 계류부 사이의 완경사지에서 평균$-6.1cmH_2O$, $-18.0cmH_2O$ and $-3.7cmH_2O$로 높게 나타났다. 특히 토양수분에 대한 강우의 영향이 감소된 후 사면의 토양수분장력은 수목의 증산에 따라 일주기성을 나타내어 수액이동량이 증가하면 토양수분장력이 낮아지고 수액이동량이 감소하면 토양수분장력이 높아지는 경향을 보였으나, 계류부에서는 수액이동량의 영향을 파악할 수 없었다. 토양함수율은 강수 종료 후 지속적으로 감소하였으며, 사면부의 토양수분장력과 같이 증산에 따른 일주기성을 나타내어 주간에는 토양함수율이 감소하였고 수액의 이동이 거의 없는 야간에는 함수율이 유지되거나 또는 소폭 상승하는 경향이 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 수액이동량의 변화에 따른 토양수분의 변화는 사면부와 계류부에서 다르게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2000

1999년 4월, 8월과 11월에 금강 하구역 갯벌 세 지점에서 채니된 퇴적물 표층 5 cm을 입도 조성 분석한 결과 모래와 자갈 성분이 1.18 %, 모래 성분이 29.34 %, 점토 성분이 69.49 %였다. 퇴적물의 IL은 6.7 %, ORP는 -12 mV으로 약간의 환원상태를 보이고 있었다. 퇴적물 중 H₂S 농도는 평균 0.25 mg/gㆍdry으로 측정되었다 금강 하구 갯벌 퇴적물에서의 탈질산화는 4월에 0.186 m mole N₂/m²ㆍday, 8월에 0.192 m mole N₂/m²ㆍday, 11월에 91.3 m mol N₂/m²ㆍday으로 3회 평균 30.6 m mole N²/m²ㆍday였다. 퇴적물과 수층간의 NH₄/sup +/-N의 플럭스는 4월에 -0.37 m mole N/m²ㆍday, 8월에 34.0 m mole N/m²ㆍday, 11월에 0.10 m mole N/m²ㆍday으로 평가되어 평균적으로 11.2 m mole N/m²ㆍday였다. 한편, 퇴적물과 수층간의 NO²/sup -/-N+ NO₃/sup -/-N의 플럭스는 4월에 0.314 m mole N/m²ㆍday, 8월에 0.524 m mole N/m²ㆍday, 11월에 -4.12 m mole N/m²ㆍday으로 측정되어 평균 -1.09 m mole N/m²ㆍday으로 측정되어졌다. 암모니아질소와 아질산질소 및 질산질소의 플럭스로부터 계산한 용존무기질소 (DIN)의 플럭스는 10.2 m mole N/m²ㆍday으로 평가되었다. 이와 같은 금강하구역 갯벌에서의 용존성무기질소의 플럭스와 탈질산화는 이 해역의 질소수지와 1차 생산에 중요한 영향을 끼칠 것으로 추정되었다.