• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.293-304
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was carried out to assess the relationship between the internal and external environments and the ecological items in five sites with a high level of artificial use intensity prior to the establishment of Geumgang River riparian ecological belts. Methods: The sites were classified into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type in accordance with their respective locational types. Ecological items including plant ecology such as proportion, naturalization index and urbanization index of native species were analyzed and animal ecology such as the number of species and population of wild birds, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, and butterflies and dragonflies, which are indicator insects, were investigated. In addition, species diversity indices of wild birds, butterflies and dragonflies found in all the subject lands were computed. Results: Among the plant ecological items, the ratio of native species in the forest type was higher than 90%, which was a satisfactory level, while the naturalization and urbanization indices were less than 10%. The number of species in the animal ecological characteristics was reduced in the order of forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. As the results of correlation analysis, the internal area of the planted area showed a negative correlation with the total of individuals. The area of grasslands showed a positive correlation with the number of dragonfly species and the total number of individuals, thereby illustrating that wet grasslands have positive effects. The area of surrounding forests, as an external environment, had a negative correlation with the urbanization index (UI) but a positive correlation with the inhabitation of butterflies and the total number of species. Conclusion: The results confirmed the need for more diversified special compositions including planted land, grassland, wetland, bodies of water and waterways within the subject land in the wetland ecological belt along with the need for surrounding forest location and preservation from the perspective of purchase and restoration of land for enhancement of wider biodiversity in the future.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.13-30
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in vegetation and flora after five years through field surveys data with the Han Gang Watershed Management Committee (2013) data in order to observe natural vegetation changes in the riparian zone of Han River watershed. As a result, the flora of the riparian zone in 2012 were listed total 231 taxa, 66 families, 158 genus, 207 species, 23 varieties, and 1 forms, and in 2017, a total 247 taxa, 74 families, 174 genus, 218 species, 27 varieties, and 2 forms were identified. The number of rare plants decreased from 4 taxa in 2012 to 2 taxa in total in 2017, and the number of endemic plants increased from 1 taxa to 3 taxa. The number of specific plants by floral region decreased from 21 taxa (9.1% of all 231 taxa of flora) in 2012 to 16 taxa (6.5% of all 247 taxa of flora) in 2017. The total number of naturalized plants is analyzed to increase from 35 taxa, a naturalization rate of 15.15% (all 231 taxa of flora) and urbanization index of 11.2% (all 312 taxa of naturalized plants) in 2012 to 44 taxa a naturalization rate of 17.8% (all 231 taxa of flora) and urbanization index of 14.1%(all 312 taxa of naturalized plants) in 2017. The ecosystem disturbance species showed an increase in both number of species and cover degree grades, indicating that the riparian zone changed in a negative direction.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.389-401
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• 2021

Background and objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological status of six areas around Geumgang River that used to be farmlands before they were restored as a riverine ecobelt. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the location environment and ecological status of the sites to identify the environmental factors affecting them. Methods: The sites are classified into four types according to restoration: terraced paddy fields, flat paddy fields, artificial wetland, and landscape forest. The survey items were divided into land use status, plant ecology, and animal ecology. Results: In terms of plant ecology, terraced paddy fields showed favorable naturality with the rate of native species above 90% and the naturalization index below 10%. In terms of animal ecology, the total number of species found in these areas was biggest in terraced paddy fields, followed by flat paddy fields, artificial wetland, and landscape forest. Regarding species diversity, terraced paddy fields also showed abundant species with an average of 1.05 to 1.09. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the forest area around the sites had the most significant effect on species diversity. The grassland and open water area showed a positive correlation with the total number of animal species and the number of dragonflies, confirming that the marshy grassland had a positive effect. As the cultivated land and urbanized area around the sites increased, it had a negative effect on the distribution of native species and the number of animal species that appeared, and a positive effect on the naturalization index. Conclusion: It is necessary to establish preemption and restoration plans for sites such as grasslands adjacent to the forest and terraced paddy fields in order to promote resilience of the diverse species returning to the purchased lands.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.527-538
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• 2009

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional life near the vicinity of a ruderal village. This research is done to grasp potential natural vegetation, to use a basis data needed for its management and preservation as well as restoration project by examining the vegetation and flora targeting a village grove of the southern district of Gyeonggi-do which has been seriously damaged subsequent to a rapidly progressing city development. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 69 families, 136 genera, 20 varieties, 3 forms, 170 species-totalling to 193 taxa. Urbanization index was revealed to 4.55% and naturalization rate 6.74%. In life-cycle pattern, perennials were found to show the highest distribution rate; in infiltration-multiplication strategies, human wave tactics type was found to be the highest 51%, consisting of 98 species, and naturalization rate also was revealed to be 6.74%. The vegetation unit was divided into a total of 11 patterns, such as a community of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus rigida community, Pinus densiflora-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus rigida-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida-Quercus acutissima community, Castanea crenata community, Castanea crenata-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima-Robinia pseudo-acacia community and Robinia pseudo-acacia community. Quercus acutissima community is of a community type dominated by Quercus acutissima, in place of Pinus densiflora community selected by natural succession.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.52-67
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• 2005

The flora of the studied basin in the upper Keum River was listed as 237taxa; 63families, 162genera, 212species, 22varieties and 3forms. Based on the list of the ecosystem disturbance plants by the Ministry of Environment, 4taxa were recorded in the studied basin : Paspalum distichum(Gramineae), Paspalum distichum var. indutum(Gramineae), Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior(Compositae), Ambrosia trifida(Compositae). Naturalized plants was listed as 54taxa; 16families, 41genera, 51species, 3varieties and naturalization index was 22.8percent of 1/4 the vascular plants. Upper Keum River was dominant floristic : indicator species were Salix gracilistyla community, Phragmites japonica community, native plants were Morus alba community, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora community, planting plants were Populus euramericana community, naturalized plants were Solidago serotina community, Helianthus tuberosus community.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1035-1046
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate distribution of the vegetation and insects of coastal dunes in the Yangyang area. The field survey was carried out Osan and Dongho coastal dunes during the period from June to July 2008. A total of 68 taxa were identified including 30 families, 60 genera, 59 species, and 9 varieties. 1 species(Glehnia littoralis) was recorded as designated rare plant of Korea Forest Service. The naturalized plants were 8 families, 13 species. The urbanization rate of naturalization index was 4.8% and 19.1% respectively. The land insect appeared with the 10 order, 23 families including 10 Korean specific species and 16 environmental indicator species for coastal dune. The species in Order Coleoptera was most, followed by Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Odonata respectively.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.59-76
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• 2009

This study was conducted to supply basic data for restoration and management of forests in Civilian Control Zone, with surveying naturalized plants around abandoned military camps. The total study sites are 72 abandoned military camps, from Gosung in east region to Paju in west region of Civilian Control Zone. The naturalized index of total area is 12.6%, and naturalized index of east and middle regions are 12.1% and 8.4%. But its index of west region is 15.9%. These results are due to geographical characteristics. The east and middle regions are in steep mountainous districts, and so but west region is flat district, and so naturalized plants was imported by only army. But west region is in flat districts, and so imported method of naturalized plants is very various. The main naturalized plants are Ambrosia trifida and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior in Civilian Control Zone. The main dispersion pattern of naturalized plants are gravity dispersion pattern ($D_4$) and wind and water dispersion pattern ($D_1$). The all naturalized plants are photophilic plants in survey sites. And so, if abandoned military camps are recovered to forests, the naturalized plants are disappeared because of the change of sunlight condition. So it is necessary to manage and recover forests, even if that area is Civilian Control Zone.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.170-195
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• 2013

본 연구는 경주국립공원(남산, 토함산, 단석산)의 관속식물상을 밝히고 주요 식물들의 분포를 조사하였다. 2011년 7월부터 2012년 5월까지 총 7회 조사하였다. 조사결과 관속식물은 96과 284속 385속 4아종 41변종 6품종으로 총 436분류군을 확인하였다. 그 중 산림청 지정 희귀식물은 7분류군, 특산식물은 13분류군이다. 식물구계학적 특정식물은 41분류군으로 V등급 1분류군, IV등급 3분류군, III등급 9분류군, II등급 4분류군, I등급 24분류군이다. 한편 귀화식물은 29분류군으로 확인하였으며, 귀화율은 6.65%, 도시화지수는 9.03%이다. 조사된 436분류군의 유용도는 목초용 자원식물이 182분류군(41.7%), 식용 176분류군(40.4%), 약용 147분류군(33.7%), 관상용 52분류군(11.9%), 목재용 18분류군(4.1%), 염료용 16분류군(3.7%), 섬유용 8분류군(1.8%), 공업용 자원식물이 1분류군(0.2%) 그리고 용도가 밝혀지지 않은 식물이 79분류군(18.1%)으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2013

This study suggests that some of the negative arguments related to naturalized plants raised in academic discussions are unreasonable through an analysis of trends in the academia's research on naturalized plants in South Korea. A total of 117 academic papers related to "naturalized plants" on the Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS) website were re-classified by space, the number of vascular plant species, the number of naturalized plant species, naturalization index (NI), and urbanization index (UI). Correlation between human interference and naturalized plant distribution, and between sizes of conservation areas and naturalized plant distribution were analyzed. According to the results, while there was a tendency between urban population and UI ($r^2$ = 0.70, p = .000), the number of visitors in national parks had no relation to either the NI or the UI (r = 0.028 and r = 0.013, respectively). Likewise, there was no correlation between national parks or conservation areas and naturalized plant distribution (r = 0.014, r = 0.17, respectively). The average NI and the UI of forest areas were approximately twice as low as those of national parks. In estimated regression equation, when one hypothesizes that the entire 4,952 taxa of plants growing in South Korea, the number of naturalized plants, combining paleo-naturalized plants and neo-naturalized plants, amounted to 2,398 taxa, 48.43%. In the academia, Korean Endemic Plants are less than one quarter of 4,952 taxa. Such results signify that, contrary to discussions in the academia, it is meaningless to distinguish between naturalized plants and native plants. In certain aspects, academic discussions on naturalized plants in Korea have proceeded in a manner similar to cultural exclusion by mono-culturalism in a multi-cultural environment.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2008

본 연구는 숲길에 대한 생태학적 접근을 통하여 숲길과 숲 가장자리의 상부와 지하부식생을 비교하고 그 특성을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 연구 장소는 잣나무와 전나무를 식재한 숲으로, 해발 고도는 45m이다($36^{\circ}36'23''N127^{\circ}21'45''E$). 숲길의 폭은 3.2m이며, 숲 가장자리는 숲 길가로부터 5m로 정하였다. 2006년 9월부터 2007년 8월까지 총 5번의 식생조사가 이루어졌다. 매토종자 분석을 위해 숲길과 숲 가장자리에서 각각 18곳의 방형구를 정하였다. 각각의 방형구마다 토양 샘플러로 600$cm^3$ 토양을 채취하였고 저온처리를 위하여 한 달간 냉장 보관하였다. 포트에 토양을 골고루 얇게 펼친 후 4$\sim$5일마다 급수하였으며, 더 이상 발아가 일어나지 않는 상태가 될 때까지 실험을 6개월 동안 실시하였다. 출현한 유식물의 이용하여 종과 발아개체수를 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 전체적으로 지상부식생과 지하부식생 사이의 유사도지수는 낮았다. 숲길과 숲 가장자리의 지상부식생간의 상관계수는 0.36으로 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.05). 매토종자 분석을 통한 지하부식생간의 상관계수는 0.20로, 서로 상관관계가 없었다(p>0.05). 귀화식물 조사결과, 목본을 포함하였을 경우 숲길 귀화식물은 7종, 귀화율은 12.50%이었으며, 도시화지율은 2.61%이었다. 숲가장자리 귀화식물은 6종, 귀화율은 11.11%이었으며, 도시화율은 2.24%이었다. 귀화식물 중 목본을 포함하지 않았을 경우 숲길의 귀화율은 12.50%이나 숲 가장자리의 귀화율은 9.09%이었다.