• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the kinematical characteristics of gymnasts who can perform the KOVACS skill, and to grope for the better KOVACS Piked motion. The subjects were 3 male national gymnasts and were filmed with video cameras. And kinematic data were collected from the event of maximum knee flexion to the re-grasp the bar after airborne motion during KOVACS Piked motion. And the following conclusion were drawn; S1 took the enough time and inadequate height for performing KOVACS Piked motion. S2 showed the inadequate time and height during airborne motion with the large forward-backward and left-right movement. S3 showed the better KOVACS Piked movement among gymnasts, but the weak point of S3 was the large left-right shift. Based on the above conclusions, the gymnasts should be trained the enough time and height for the effective airborne movement and to reduce the left-right movement.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.619-624
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the trend of men's gymnastics on floor exercise final(8 gymnasts) in the 2018 Asian Games through digital video materials. Video recordings of floor exercise final were collected from the 2018 Asian Games. The cross-check with three international gymnastics judges on floor exercise final was analyzed. To fulfil the D-score, 8 gymnasts were the most performed backward saltos elements group(36 elements), forward salto with 1/1 turn(8 gymnasts), backward salto with 5/2 turn(8 gymnasts) and backward salto with 3/1 turn(8 gymnasts). The scores showd average the D score 6.0, E score 7.9, and connection values 0.25. To get a good results on floor exercise, gymnasts need to get a average the D score over 6.0, E score over 8.5, and connection values over 0.3.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2011

The Youth Olympic Games(YOG) is an international multi-sport event first held in Singapore from August 14 to August 26, 2010. The idea for such an event was introduced by International Olympic Committee(IOC). The Federation of International Gymnastics(2009) designed the Code of Points and regulates for junior gymnastics at this time. The purpose of this study was to give crucial information and adapt to coaches and junior gymnasts at the time of changing code rapidly. For this study, The eight finalists rings exercise at the 1st Youth Olympic Games was recorded using a digital camcoder. The exercise contents analysis of rings was carried out by an experienced international judge using Code of Points(FIG, 2009). The C elements in various difficulties were performed the highest frequency. The elements group I was the most frequently performed in overall difficulties. Moreover, All the gymnasts performed the elements of the Jonasson and Yamawaki in Group I. Therefore, junior gymnasts need to consider Jonasson and Yamawaki elements correctly in elements group I. The 1st ranked ROU(132) gymnast performed high difficulty value for his routine with the highest E score(9.050). The average of D score were 5.125. In the E scores, 8th USA(140) gymnast received the lowest E score of 8.15, 5th MGL(127) gymnasts received the fewer E score of 8.475. Coaches and junior gymnasts should try to increase D score above 5.125 by higher swing elements in Group I and II as well, decrease deduction of elements in exercise contents.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 2016

Objective: Gymnastics on rings needs a high level of muscle strength with balance ability for controlling the body. A study on a new balance training program is necessary for elite gymnasts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week pilates core-muscle training on balance ability and asymmetry index of the L-sit on the rings in male elite gymnasts. Method: Ten elite gymnasts (age: $20.6{\pm}0.7years$, height: $169.9{\pm}4.9cm$, weight: $65.4{\pm}5.6kg$, career duration: $20.6{\pm}0.7years$), who are students at K-university, participated in this study. Results: First, the range of the COM tended to decrease in the anterior-posterior direction. Second, the left hip joint angle and knee extension and ankle dorsiflexion angles significantly increased after the pilates training. Third, the ROM also increased. Fourth, the symmetry value increased in the hip angle, while the symmetry index in all joints of the ROM decreased. As a result, the pilates core-muscle training influenced the static balance ability during the L-sit on the rings. Conclusion: Accordingly, the pilates core-muscle training is suitable in enhancing the basic balance ability in gymnastics on rings.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2020

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of stress on sports injuries that occur to the university rhythmic gymnasts in Korea. Methods : All general characteristics of rhythmic gymnasts were analyzed as descriptive statistics and, the incidence of sports injuries was analyzed. To examine the differences in the incidence of sports injuries between the group with upper-level and lower-level stress scores, the independent sample t-test was carried out. For the correlation between number of sports injuries and stress scores, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. All statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS version 24.0 with the level of significance set to α=.05. Results : The mean stress score of university rhythmic gymnasts was 3.68±1.31. The incidence of sports injuries was 57 cases in total, and per student, 2.28±0.61 cases occurred on average. The incidence of sports injuries differed significantly between the group with upper-level and lower-level stress scores. In addition, significant differences were found in the analysis of the correlation between number of sports injuries and stress scores, with regard to the psychological and emotional stress and the social stress against overall variables. Conclusion : The incidence of sports injuries was higher for the gymnasts with higher stress scores. In addition, correlation were found in the analysis of the between number of sports injuries and stress scores, emotional and psychological stress and the social stress.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the pattern of Kolman technique by five Korean top gymnasts including the three national athletes on horizontal bar. Method: Two digital high-speed camcorders were used with 90 frames/sec and their Kolman motions were filmed in sports science secondary school gymnasium at U city. After the kinematic and kinetic variables were carried out by Kwon3D 3.1 motion package during the whole phase, the optimized release motion was investigated by simulating the body COG path during the aerial phase. Results: Firstly, it was revealed that the average changes of hip, shoulder joint angle were 84 deg, 53 deg respectively during the functional sub-phase and the average swing phaseal time was 1.21 s. Secondly, it was revealed that the average body COG positions and velocities (Y, Z) at release were -0.65 m, 0.48 m, 1.65 m/s, 3.97 m/s respectively and the average release angle, peak height and flight time were 67 deg, 1.29 m, 0.79 s respectively. Thirdly, it was revealed that the directions of somersault of whole and lower body, tilt of lower body were counterclockwise, whereas the directions of tilt of whole body, twist of whole and lower body were clockwise at the ready for re-grasp. Lastly, it was revealed that the body COG paths were different from each other during the aerial phase followed by the different body COG velocities. Conclusion: Korean gymnasts of this study controlled their motions well in terms of the timing of hip·shoulder joint, body position, body angular momentum especially during the functional sub-phase, but their motions were different during the aerial phase. Nonetheless most of them made the adequate body position at the instant of re-grasp. It would be suggested that Korean gymnasts except S3 should increase the vertical velocity.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2011

This research was conducted to biomechanically analyze Tippelt motion in parallel bars, and establish technical understanding. To achieve that goal, the performances of the Tippelt acts carried out by five world top-class national gymnasts in the parallel bars 3-dimensional cinematographic analysis and EMG analysis were conducted and following conclusion were obtained. The Tippelt motions of excellent national gymnasts perform tap motion through the down swing of a large circular movements, and perform kick-out motion rapidly extending shoulder joint angle and hip joint angle with the trunk in a position close to perpendicular position at the vertical downwardness of the grasping the bars. At this time, if handstand starting the movement is too delayed or rapidly down swung, it was shown that from the initial falling, unnecessary muscular power was wasted in trapezius, anterior deltoid, erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, upper rectus abdominis, lower rectus abdominis. The muscular parts in tap motion generating muscle action potential were pectoralis major, rectus femoris, upper rectus abdominis, lower rectus abdominis, and those in kick-out motion were upper rectus abdominis, lower rectus abdominis, trapezius and anterior deltoid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.479-492
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) the foods intake as well as nutrients intake, 2) the nutritional knowledge, and 3) the relations between the foods and nutrients intakes and nutritional knowledge in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts (RGs). The results are summarized as follows. Average daily intakes of energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$ vitamin B$_2$ and niacin were in 45-74％ of the RDAs for Koreans. Average daily energy intake was only about 50％ of energy expenditure by physical activities. Average daily intakes of each food group were generally lower, but intakes of breads and confectionaries, sugar and sweets, milks and dairy products, and instant foods were higher in the RGs compared to the nonathletic students of the same age from the National Health and Nutrition Suvey. The contribution of empty-calorie foods such as breads and confectionaries, beverage and instant foods to the major energy nutrients were high. Mean of total nutritional knowledge score of RGs was 28.4 of total score 50. In categorical score of nutritional knowledge, the RGs make a best score on food sources and they get the lowest marks for food exchange. Among the nutrients, intakes of crude fiber, animal Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B$_1$ niacin and vitamin C and, among the food groups, intakes of mushrooms, fruits and meats had relations with one of the total or categorical nutritional knowledge scores in the RGs. In conclusion, nutritional status of adolescent RGs was poor due to their unbalanced diet composed of empty-calorie foods, and their undesirable food intake pattern was supposed to be related to the low nutritional knowledge score of them. These results indicate that the RGs should be given more nutritional knowledge to improve their nutritional status and the exercise performance.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.143-151
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the technical factors of Cuervo forward straight vaults with single twist, single and half twists, and double twists actually performed by three execellent male gymnasts participated in artistic gymnastics competition of 2003 summer Universiade in Daegu and the 85th National Sports Festival in Cheongju. To accomplish the research goals the Cuervo vaults of three gymnasts were filmed by using three digital camcorders set by 60 Hz, and data were collected through the DLT method of three dimensional cinematography. The kinematic and kinetic variables as each phasic time, CM displacement velocity, release angle inclination angle hip joint angle landing angle, average horse reaction force average moment arm average torque, whoe body's total remote local angular momentum were analyzed, so the following conclusions were reached. Generally to perform the better Cuervo vault, a gymnast should touch down on the board with the great horizontal velocity of the whole body through the fast run-up, and touch down on the horse by decreasing the horizontal displacement of the whole body during the preflight, so raise CM height gradually within a short horse contact time. He should increase the horse reaction force through checking the horizontal velocity of the whole body effectively and the inclination angular displacement of the handstand, if so he can have the large vertical velocity of the whole body. By using the acquired the velocity and the angular momentum of the whole body, he can vault himself higher and twist sufficiently, then he can get better if the body could be tilted by swinging both arms and perform the cat twist with a little flexions at hip joints. According to the above outcomes we can judge that the best athletes is LuBin, the better is YTY, and the next is JSM.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.75-87
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanical factors that are crucial to the successful double salto backward piked dismount on the parallel bars. The subjects were 5 national gymnasts(G1: sucessed landing, G2: failed landing), two video cameras were used to record the dismount of the subjects. It summarizes that (a) It is important to make small slope angle(X axis, Y axis) at release, whereas it makes large shoulder angle and trunk rotation angle. (b) It is important to prepare landing in advance, reducing vertical velocity and making large hip angle at BTO(body take off). (c) It is also important to make small knee angle and hip angle, and reduce the angle of trunk rotation.