• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.304-315
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to relate the degree of hypertension to nutritional status, in order to prepare basic data for a nutrition program. The study using the WHO standard divided the residents in Kangbuk-gu into a normal group (NG) of 254 adults with systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 130 or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 85; a borderline hypertensive group (BG) of 81 adults with 130 $\leq$ SBP $\leq$ 140 or 85 $\leq$ DBP $\leq$ 90; and a hypertensive group (HG) of 143 adults with SBP > 140 or DBP > 90. The mean age of HG was older than the other groups (p < 0.001). The dietary intake was investigated by the 24-hour recall method. The Ca intake as the percentage of the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for the HG were higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.01). The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) of Ca and Vit. A were below 0.75 for all three groups. The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) was above 0.75 (p > 0.05) for all three groups. The Dietary Variety Score (DVS) of the NG was 22.7, and higher than those of the other groups (p > 0.05) The fasting blood sugar (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001), albumin (p < 0.01), hemoglobin (Hb) (p < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p < 0.001), and creatinine (p <0.05) values of the HG were higher than those of the other groups. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and the waist-hip ratio (WHR) of the HG were higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.001) . In conclusion, these results showed that there tended to be differences among the three groups. For effective nutritional education and counseling of each group, we should furtherstudy the differences and understand their characteristics of each group in order to provide nutritional education for controling and preventing hypertension.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.488-495
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate nutrition intake and diet quality according to carbonated drink consumption in male adolescents (middle-school students = 480, high-school students = 417). Methods: We analyzed data from the combined 2007~2009 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Subjects were divided into two groups, the LCDI (low carbonated drink intake (< 1 time/week), n = 362) group and the HCDI (high carbonated drink intake (${\geq}1$ time/week), n = 535) group, according to carbonated beverage consumption. Nutrient and food group intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Results: Intake of plant protein, vitamin C, plant calcium, phosphorous, and potassium was significantly lower in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. Percent of RNI (recommended nutrient intake) of vitamin C and phosphorous was significantly lower in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. Percentage of subjects who consumed under EAR (estimated average requirement) of protein and vitamin C was significantly higher in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. The NAR of phosphorous was significantly lower in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. Food intakes from potato and starches, pulses and vegetables were significantly lower in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. Conclusion: Consumption of carbonated drinks decreased the diet quality, including calcium, potassium, protein, and vitamin C. Therefore, nutrition education relating to consumption of carbonated drinks is required for male adolescents in order to maintain healthy dietary habits.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2005

Nutrition factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between nutritional status and bone mineral density of elderly women. Three hundred thirty five elderly women (over 65 years) in Asan were divided into three age groups (group 1, less than 70 y ; group 2, from 70 to 75 y ; group 3, 75 y or more). Total alkaline phosphatase and serum calcium (Ca) were analyzed using spectrophotometric procedure. Data for food and nutrient intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall method. Bone density was measured by broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) using QUS-2. Age differences were tested with the X 2 test for categorical variables and with ANOVA and Tukey's test for continuous variables. Correlation was conducted to test the association between bone density and nutrient intake. The subjects in age groups 1,2 and 3 were $36.7\%$, $32.8\%$ and $30.4\%$, respectively. Height and body weight of the subjects were significantly decreased with age. Average bone density of the subjects in group 3 was lower than the other age groups. Osteoporosis determined by t-score is $17.9\%$ for group 1, $24.5\%$ for group 2 and $55.9\%$ for group 3 (p < 0.001). The serum Ca level of the subjects in group 2 was significantly lower than that of group 1 although mean values in all age groups are within the normal range. Dietary Ca intake, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutrient quality (INQ) were decreased with age. Bone density was negatively correlated with age (p < 0.001), while body mass index (p < 0.01) was positively related with bone density. Although partial correlation did not reveal the significant correlation of BMD and dietary calcium after controlling for age, since calcium intake was very poor compared to sodium and phosphorous intakes, recommendation of more calcium intake for elderly women especially those over 75 years must be continuously emphasized.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.159-170
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• 2008

This study was carried out for the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese middle school students. The subjects were 104 obese adolescents of 4 middle schools in Namwon city, Jeonbuk. Average age of the subjects was 12.2 years old, BMI of mild obesity group, moderate obesity group and severe obesity group were 24.6kg/m2, 27.5kg/m2, and 31.8 kg/m2, respectively. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese students was 2.9%. And the person who has more than 2 out of 5 symptoms was 22.1%, and more than 1 was 39.4%. The prevalence of each symptoms were abdomen obesity(46.2%), hyper triglyceride(23.1%), high blood pressure(20.2%), high HDLcholesterol(2.9%), but the hyper glycemia had not been found. Nutrient intakes of 3 groups were not significantly different, energy was 1817.9kcal, carbohydrate was 265.7g, protein was 72.2g, and fat was 51.9g. Nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) of protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B1, niacin, vitamin C was proper, except calcium. Seventy point two percent of the obese students knew 'obesity is a disease', and 49.0% of the subjects didn't know the complication of the obesity. Only 27.9% of the obese adolescents took nutrition education class, but 51.9% of them thought nutrition education was necessary. We suggest that the nation enforce the policy for early detection and treatment of obesity for adolescents. Obese students and their parents should take nutrition education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.739-746
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• 2001

To assess the nutrient intakes and diet quality of middle school students living in Kangneung area a dietary survey using th 3-day food record was conducted with 226 subjects. Mean daily energy intake was 2114$\pm$502 kcal with 61.6% of energy supplied by carbohydrate 16.4% by protein and 22.0% by fat. As well as insufficiencies in calcium and iron intakes the bioavailability of calcium and iron consumed is considered to low because most of them came from plant origins. For calcium iron vitamin A and vitamin B$_2$the proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of RDA were all over 46%. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR) an index of overall dietary quality was 0.70 for males and 0.73 for females. The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most nutrients except 4 nutrients; 0.48 of calcium 0.64 of iron 0.73 of vitamin A and 0.79 of vitamin B$_2$. Nutrient intake levels less than 75% of RDA may be appropriate as a criteria for insufficiency of nutrient intakes. Based on these results it is evident that some of middle school students in Kangneung area did not consume enough nutrients especially calcium iron and vitamin A.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.869-879
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate on nutrient intake status and diet quality of middle and old aged vegetarian women in Korea, The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n=91), all of them were Seven Day Adventists, who had been on vegetarian diets, over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and diet quality indices were compared to omnivores (n=122). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 61.8 yrs and 60.3 yrs, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes of vegetarians and omnivores were 1428.8 kcal and 1424.5 kcal, respectively and there was no significant difference. The vegetarians consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p < 0.05), zinc (p < 0.001) and vitamin $B_{2}$ (p < 0.05) compared to omnivores. In the diet quality, zinc and vitamin $B_{2}$ nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of vegetarians and omnivores were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively and there was no significant difference. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of vegetarians and omnivores were 3.7 and 4.0, respectively, and there was significant difference (p < 0.01). The KDQI (Korean's Diet Quality Index) of vegetarians (1.5) was significantly lower than that (2.1) of omnivores (p < 0.001). In conclusion, vegetarian women have low intake status of protein, zinc and vitamin $B_{2}$, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diets to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in middle and old aged vegetarian women. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $869\∼879$, 2005)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.187-197
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine nutritional status of elderly patients in a long-term care hospital according to meal type and eating ability. Methods: Subjects were 47 female patients aged over 65 ($79.3{\pm}7.1$ years) who resided in a long-term care hospital in Seoul. Thirty seven patients who ate diet orally were grouped according to meal type (27 general diet and 10 soft diet) and eating ability (26 eating by oneself and 11 eaten with help) and 10 were on tube feeding. Nutritional status was determined by food consumption and mid-arm circumference. Results: The mean adequacy ratios (MARs) of 12 nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C) were 0.687 for general diet, 0.565 for soft diet, 0.680 for eating by oneself and 0.677 for eaten with help, which were significantly lower than 0.982 for tube feeding (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The patients on tube feeding had significantly lower % arm circumference compared to those who ate general diet (84.0% vs. 95.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). Nutrients intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were not different between meal types as well as eating ability. The most insufficiently consumed nutrients by the patients on diet were folic acid, vitamin $B_2$, and calcium (NAR 0.334~0.453, 0.515~ 0.539, and 0.516~0.533, respectively). Conclusions: The results suggested that regardless of meal type or eating ability, the subjects who were on diets in this study might have inadequate intake of folic acid as well as vitamin $B_2$, and calcium, which need to be reflected on menu planning. The measurement of mid-arm circumference presented more risk of malnutrition of patients on tube feeding than those on diets, despite apparently better nutrient consumption.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.282-296
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• 2013

The study classified 83 obese adults by constitution and had them follow a strict diet according to their constitution in order to see if the Yin-Yang method would be effective on the metabolic syndrome, which is one of the main causes of death in Korea. Overall, the application of both Yin and Yang methods improved the following factors: weight, body fat percentage, systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, neutral fats and total cholesterol. In particular, the Yin constitution group of men showed more improvements than the Yang constitution group. Furthermore, waist circumference and the prevalence rate of systolic blood pressure, diastolic pressure, total cholesterol and metabolic syndrome were decreased noticeably. Total energy intake was increased in both men and women after the constitutional diet, along with the increase of nutrient intake, such as dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, among others. Among various nutrients, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, vitamin B6, folic acid, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and iron intake were increased noticeably after the constitutional diet. In addition, subjects' intake of all nutrients, except for magnesium, satisfied the nutrition intake standards. Further, the nutrients adequacy ratio (NAR) and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) improved for both men and women. The intake of potatoes, starch, greens and mushrooms increased noticeably, whereas the intake of meat, dairy, drinks and alcohol decreased after the constitutional diet. For the Yin constitution, the intake of Yin foods noticeably decreased, where as the intake of Yang foods decreased for the Yang constitution. In conclusion, the constitutional diet effectively improves the metabolic syndrome. Among many nutrients, the intake of dietary fiber, vitamins A, C and E, potassium and magnesium is positively associated with the improvement of metabolic syndrome biomarkers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.307-317
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• 1999

To assess the food intake and diet quality of Koreans living in rural areas with discriminative environment, this dietary survey was conducted with 553 subjects living in five different rural areas using a one-day, 24-hour recall method. The average weight of total food intake was 1066g, with vegetable and animal food comprising 83.75 and 16.3% of total food intake, respectively. The average daily food intakes of residents in the five areas were 985g, 1005g, 1028g, 1318g, and 964g, and were significantly different(p<0.001). Residents of Ulju consumed the largest amount of food, 1318g. The total number of food items consumed was 336. The foods consumed in largest amounts were rice(223g), Korean cabbage-Kimch'i(111g), and soybean curd(41g). The foods consumed most frequently were rice, Korean cabbage-Kimchi, green onion and garlic. When investigating the consumption pattern of the major five food groups, only 5% of subjects consumed all five groups. The groups most frequently missing were dairy products and fruits. The average number of foods consumed per day was 16.8, but differed significantly by area(p<0.001). The number of major food groups (DDS, dietary diversity score) and that of food items(DVS, dietary variety score) correlated positively with NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (mean adequacy ratio). People with a DDS of above 4 or DVS of above 20 met two-thirds of the recommended dietary allowance for most nutrients. When assessing the dietary quality of subjects using DDS and DVS, many people appeared not to have a desirable food intake. dietary guidelines should be made considering the nutritional characteristics of different areas to improve the health of people living in those areas.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.959-970
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary habit, nutritional condition and quality of everyday meal for college students. The number of the subjects was 102 and they were divided into three groups by their residing types; students living with their parents (n=34), students living in dormitory (n=34) and students living independently off the campus (n=34) Questionnaire, 24hour dietary recall for food intakes, and body composition analysis were used. SPSS program was used for the statistics. In general health matter, the average age for each group of students was $21.2kg/m^2$, $20.9kg/m^2$, and $21.9kg/m^2$ respectively. And heights, weights, muscle mass, body fats and BMI were not significantly different between groups. Results on dietary habit showed that students living with their parents had better meal pattern and regularity for breakfast than other groups. Also, for dietary evaluation, students living with their parents showed better extent of intake of milk than other groups. Evaluation on nutrients intake showed that amount of calcium, vitamin $B_2$, folic acid intake in student living independently off the campus were lower than those of the other groups(P<0.05). And MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) was not significantly different between groups, however INQ(Index of Nutritional Quality) and NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) of calcium were lower in off the campus group than other two groups. In conclusion, students living independently had worse eating habits and showed lower intake of calcium than those living with their parents or living in a dormitory. Therefore nutritional education for improving well-balanced dietary habits and optimal intake of nutrients are required especially for students living independently off the campus.