• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.180-189
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• 2004

Although the outcome of cancer patients after cytotoxic chemotherapy is related diverse mechanisms, multidrug resistance (MDR) for chemotherapeutic drugs due to cellular P-glycoprotein (Pgp) or multidrug-resistance associated protein (MRP) is most important factor in the chemotherapy failure to cancer. A large number of pharmacologic compounds, including verapamil, quinidine, tamoxifen, cyclosporin A and quinolone derivatives have been reported to overcome MDR. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are available for the detection of Pgp and MRP-mediated transporter. $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI and other $^{99m}Tc$-radiopharmaceuticals are substrates for Pgp and MRP, and have been used in clinical studies for tumor imaging, and to visualize blockade of PgP-mediated transport after modulation of Pgp pump. Colchicine, verapamil and daunorubicin labeled with $^{11}C$ have been evaluated for the quantification of Pgp-mediated transport with PET in vivo and reported to be feasible substrates with which to image Pgp function in tumors. Leukotrienes are specific substrates for MRP and $N-[^{11}C]acetyl-leukotriene$ E4 provides an opportunity to study MRP function non-invasively in vivo. SPECT and PET pharmaceuticals have successfully used to evaluate pharmacologic effects of MDR modulators. Imaging of MDR and reversal of MDR with bioluminescence in a living animal is also evaluated for future clinical trial. We have described recent advances in molecular imaging of MDR and reviewed recent publications regarding feasibility of SPECT and PET imaging to study the functionality of MDR transporters in vivo.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.255-269
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• 1999

Background: The author investigated the structural theory of the mind, the origin of psychopathology, the resolving stage of the psychopathology, and nature of the true mind in the human mind. Methods: The author reviewed the "Awakening of Faith in the Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na" by Mamyung and "The Commentary on the Treatise of Awakening Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na Faith" and "Expository Notes on the Treatise of Awakening Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na Faith" by Wonhyo. Results: The author of the Treatise insisted on believing the true mind in the human being. Also in the treatise, $\bar{A}$layavijn$\bar{a}$na explained the harmonized mind of the true mind and the ignorant mind. The ignorant mind as the source of fundamental ignorance, which results in peripheral ignorance arising from the ego in relation with the external world Also, he explains the origin of ignorance and encourages to abandon the deep attachment to ignorance. The developing and resolving stages of ignorance are similar to the developing and resolving stage of psychopathology. Conclusion: The author insists on the psychiatric application of the mind theory in the "Awakening of Faith in the Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na", "The Commentary on the Treatise of Awakening Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na Faith", and "Expository Notes on the Treatise of Awakening Mah$\bar{a}$y$\bar{a}$na Faith" Also, the author encourages deep faith of the true human mind.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 한국GIS학회 2003년도 공동 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.363-368
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• 2003

We have successfully developed a more effective algorithm to extract the lineament in the area covered by wide alluvial deposits characterized by a relatively narrow range of brightness in the Landsat TM image, while the currently used algorithm is limited to the mountainous areas. In the new algorithm, flat areas mainly consisting of alluvial deposits were selected using the Local Enhancement from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The aspect values were obtained by 3${\times}$3 moving windowing of Zevenbergen & Thorno's Method, and then the slopes of the study area were determined using the aspect values. After the lineament factors in the alluvial deposits were revealed by comparing the threshold values, the first rank lineament under the alluvial deposits were extracted using the Hough transform In order to extract the final lineament, the lowest points under the alluvial deposits in a given topographic section perpendicular to the first rank lineament were determined through the spline interpolation, and then the final lineament were chosen through Hough transform using the lowest points. The algorithm developed in this study enables us to observe a clearer lineament in the areas covered by much larger alluvial deposits compared with the results extracted using the conventional existing algorithm. There exists, however, some differences between the first rank lineament, obtained using the aspect and the slope, and the final lineament. This study shows that the new algorithm more effectively extracts the lineament in the area covered with wide alluvlal deposits than in the areas of converging slope, areas with narrow alluvial deposits or valleys.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2014

This study analyzed 548 pieces of these, which were reported in the Journal of Dental Hygiene Science of having been published from 2001 to Vol. 12, No. 6 in 2012. In conclusion, as for analysis of research design, first, it was the largest in cross sectional research. Second, the research subjects of survey theses were higher in order of dental hygienist and dental hygiene student. Third, number of thesis authors was the largest in order of two persons and three persons. Fourth, statistical method was in order of descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. Research theme was in order of dental health behavioral science and clinical dental hygiene. Fifth, as for research-expense benefit, only 17.7% was supported research funds. As a result of this study, there should be a research on thesis of diverse designs in the future. There is a need of being performed actively a research on alienated classer or special subjects as well as a research on activity related to dental hygiene.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2014

In this study we analysed frequency and importance of tasks, and education needs of 114 people working in dental clinics to be a reference of dental hygiene curriculum development. The results are as follow: The order of performance frequency is management support, preventive dental treatment, dental treatment assistance and oral health education, and the order of importance level of tasks and education needs is management support, dental treatment assistance, preventive dental treatment and oral health education. There is no statistically significant difference of performance frequency by general characteristics. The tasks considered most important level depending on general characteristics are oral health education in age of 40s (p<0.05), dental treatment assistance in dental hygienists (p<0.05), management support in women (p<0.05), dental hygienists (p<0.05), and more experienced workers (p<0.05). The most need for Educations depending on general characteristics are oral health education in women (p<0.05), dental treatment assistance in women (p<0.001) and dental hygienists (p<0.001), and management support in Seoul region (p<0.05). The importance of tasks and education needs have correlations. The results showed management support and dental treatment assistance are considered important in dental clinics and most needed job competency for dental hygienists.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2014

This research aimed to understand the relevance between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and sleep quality for dental hygiene students in certain areas. It was conducted on 344 students from four universities in Jeollabuk-do from May to September 2013 using a structured questionnaire. The following are the results. 57.6% of the IBS bowel movement conditions were mixed type, 10.5% constipation type, 7.6% uncategorized, and 6.1% diarrhea type. For sleep quality based on the subjects' general characteristics, third years were 11.45, second years 10.90, and first years 9.53 (p=0.034). The sleep quality was statistically significantly lower as the years increased, and even for IBS (p=0.026), it was low and showed a significant difference. For difference in sleep quality based on IBS presence, habitual sleep efficiency, sleeping pill dosage (p=0.043), and day time functional disorder (p=0.007) showed statistically significant differences and lower sleep quality than the control group. For difference in sleep quality based on IBS bowel movement condition, mixed type was the highest for sleep disturbance at 6.86, constipation type was 1.00 for habitual sleep efficiency, constipation type was 1.42 for subjective sleep quality, uncategorized type was 0.15 for sleeping pill dosage but not statistically significant. In day time functional disorder, constipation type was the highest at 2.61 and showed a significant difference (p=0.012). The correlation between the sub-factors of sleep quality was positive. Based on the above study results, we learned that for IBS, sleep quality becomes lower as the year increases, and functional disorder was observed during day time due to low sleep quality. Education on IBS symptoms is needed, adequate stress management method to alleviate symptoms and prevention programs for correct diet must be developed to enhance sleep quality.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of internal marketing activities on motivating dental hygienists in dental hospital in an effort to be of use for setting strategies geared toward boosting the productivity of dental hygienists. The findings of the study were as follows: Concerning internal marketing activities by general characteristics, the dental hygienists who received 4-year college or higher education received more education than the college graduates ($p{\leq}0.001$). As for the leave system, the dental hygienists who worked in general hospitals (p=0.011) and sited in Chungcheongnam-do ($p{\leq}0.001$) replied more leaves were provided. In terms of welfare benefits, there were significant differences in those regards according to the type of hospital (p=0.029) and service area ($p{\leq}0.001$). As to the reward system, their responses about this system were similar to their responses about education & training, leaves and welfare benefits. The motivating factors consisted of 6 motivation factors and 10 hygiene factors. The motivation factors included an opportunities to develop ability and appropriate training to their work. The hygiene factors involved implement of policies and procedures, work environments, relationship with colleagues. Regarding awareness of the motivation factors by general characteristics, there were differences in that aspect according to age (p=0.043), and their awareness of the hygiene factors was different according to service area (p=0.038). As a result of analyzing which factors affected motivating, the leave system (p=0.038) and communication (p=0.001) that belonged to the internal marketing activities were identified as the influential motivation factors. In terms of the hygiene factors, age and service area were influential among the general characteristics (p=0.047, p=0.045). Above findings of the study suggest that it will be possible for dental institutions to ensure successful management by conducting internal marketing activities tailored to the characteristics of their organizational members and by motivating dental hygienists especially through communication.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for healthy and effective dental management by providing the knowledge and information on periodontal health promotion as well as high dental health interests, by doing a comparative analysis of the effect of dental health knowledge and oral hygiene management skills of people in their 20s on periodontal health status assessment, to find periodontal disease early and prevent it targeting 130 adults in their 20s who visited dental hygienic lab for comprehensive dental hygiene care and treatment from September 25 to October 30. The data collected used SPSS 18.0. To present the technical characteristics of the data, frequency was used and chi-squared test through cross-analysis was conducted to investigate dental health knowledge and the relevance between the variables of oral hygiene management skills of general characteristics. To examine periodontal health status assessment, t-test and One-way ANOVA and Turkey post-hoc tests were carried out at the 5% significance level. Regression analysis was performed to investigate the impact of dental health knowledge and oral hygiene management skills on dental health status assessment. As a result of this study, as dental health knowledge on tooth brushing of people in their 20s increased, plaque index reduced, as dental health knowledge on periodontal disease increased, plaque index reduced. Dental health status assessment according to a total number of times tooth brushing, tooth brushing methods, whether to use dental hygiene devices, smoking status, drinking frequency per week, whether to have oral health education was statistically significant. To improve the level of dental health knowledge and oral hygiene management skills, oral health education should be strengthened as well as the publicity through the media to have the information on oral health and learn it.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2013

This study evaluated the change of color and the microhardness according to time-out using the office bleaching with in vitro test after bleaching one time 1 day per week, total three times, for the control group and three times per 1day for the experimental group. $L^*$ was increased in both groups. Group 1 showed a significant increase statistically between before and after tooth whitening (p<0.05). Group 2 showed a significant increase statistically between before and after tooth whitening (p<0.05). ${\Delta}E^*$ was huge in both groups. In group 1, it was great in terms of statistical significance between 1 day and 7 days after tooth whitening (p<0.05). In group 2, it was the greatest between before and 1 day after tooth whitening and was significant statistically as well (p<0.05). Vickers hardness number (VHN) decreased in both groups. In group 1, VHN decreased over time and the difference was significant statistically (p<0.05). In group 2, VHN decreased over time and the difference was significant statistically (p<0.05). Percentage microhardness loss was great in both groups. In group 1, it was the greatest between 1 day and 7 days after the treatment, and it was significant statistically (p<0.05). In group 2, it was the greatest between before and 1 day after the treatment, and it was significant statistically (p<0.05). Put together, the more frequent tooth whitening a day is, the longer the period of tooth whitening when applying the same frequency, the greater color change was, however the microhardness decreased, in regard to the results over time using 15% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening product for professionals.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2004

The growth and niche breath of four species, i.e., native plants such as Bidens tripauita and B. bipinnata and naturalized plants such as B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor, were studied as related with environmental gradients including light intensity, soil moisture and soil nutrient. There were no significant differences in the phonology within each environmental gradients while considerable differences were found between species; the two naturalized species bloomed and produced fruit later than the two native species. Two naturalized species exhibited relatively higher total dry weight than the two native counterparts within all environmental gradients. Total dry weight showed positive responses to light intensity and soil moisture, and negatively to soil nutrient. The relative contribution of the environmental factors to total dry weight decreased in the order of soil nutrient, soil moisture and light intensity. Both B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor showed significantly higher net assimilation rate (NAR) than other species. Also, NARs of B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor decreased with increasing soil nutrient. Relative growth rate (RGR) decreased in order of B. tripartita, B. bipinnata, B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor in response to light intensity. In addition, RGRs of B. bipinnata and B. piEosa yay. minor increased in response to soil moisture, while those of B. pilosa var. minor and B. tripartita decreased with increment of soil nutrient. No significant fluctuations of shoot/root ratio were not observed in three species, but a native species, B. tripartita showed n decreased shoot/root ratio in response to soil nutrient. Comparing the growth characteristics of the species, B. pitosa var. minor and 3. tripartita revealed vigorous growth on barren soil. On the other hand, B. frondosa exhibited vigorous growth on fertile soil. Morphologically, B. tripartita adapted to light and required considerable moisture. On the contrary, the leaves of B. bipinnata did not change considerably in their area, although it preferred habitat with abundant light. In terms of niche breadth, B. bipinnata showed the widest ranges of 0.875 and 0.845 for light intensity and soil moisture gradients, respectively. B. pilosa var. minor showed a value of 0.933 for soil nutrient gradient. B. tripartita showed narrow ranges for the three environmental factors, whereas B. frondosa showed wide values for light intensity and soil nutrient, but relatively narrow value for soil moisture.