• ETRI Journal
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2000

Although an n-th order cross-entropy (nCE) error function resolves the incorrect saturation problem of conventional error backpropagation (EBP) algorithm, performance of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) trained using the nCE function depends heavily on the order of nCE. In this paper, we propose an adaptive learning rate to markedly reduce the sensitivity of MLP performance to the order of nCE. Additionally, we propose to limit error signal values at out-put nodes for stable learning with the adaptive learning rate. Through simulations of handwritten digit recognition and isolated-word recognition tasks, it was verified that the proposed method successfully reduced the performance dependency of MLPs on the nCE order while maintaining advantages of the nCE function.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of low-dose lidocaine on fentanyl-induced cough and hemodynamic changes under general anesthesia. This research was a randomized trial design and performed using a double-blind method. Methods: Data collection was performed from October 22, 2008, to May 4, 2009. One hundred and thirty two patients were randomly assigned to control group (Con G) and experimental group (Exp G) using a table of random numbers. Exp G (n=66) were administered 0.5 mg/kg lidocaine and Con G (n=66)) were administered saline. The occurrence of cough and vital sign were recorded within one minute after fentanyl bolus by an anesthesiologist. Collected data were analyzed using Repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS for Windows (Version 17.0). Results: The incidence of cough in Exp G was 13.6%, while Con G was 53%. The incidence cough in Exp G was significantly lower compared to Con G (p<.001). Lidocaine seemed not to suppress mean arterial pressure (p=.145), heart rate (p=.508), and oxygen saturation (p=.161). Conclusion: Intravenous administration of 0.5 mg/kg lidocaine seems to suppress fentanyl-induced cough without affecting mean blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation. Therefore, we recommend intravenous 0.5 mg/kg lidocaine administration to suppress fentanyl-induced cough under general anesthesia.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.897-904
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Yakson therapy as a pain management tool oil the physiologic and behavioral reponses of infants with a painful heelstick procedure. Method: Infants were randomly assigned to a group that underwent a series of Yakson therapy and a control that received nothing before a heelstick. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, and NIPS were compared between the experimental (n=16) and control (n=16) infants during an undisturbed baseline and after a standard heelstick procedure Yakson therapy consisted of laying a hand on the back, and caressing the abdomen by hand for 5 minutes. Result: The pain scores of the Yakson group were lower than the control group. Foroxygen saturation, there were statistically significant differences between groups. For heart rate, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Conclusion: This data suggests that Yakson therapy had a pain relief effect in behavior responses and $SaO_2$. Accordingly, Yakson therapy should be used as a nursing intervention for simple pain management for a heel prick.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Purpose: This study compared the pain and skin reactions of neonates according to the method of removing the adhesive eyepatch used for phototherapy. Methods: The subjects included 20 neonates admitted at C University Hospital. In group 1 (n=10), DuoDERM dressing was attached under the adhesive eyepatch, which was removed with water, while in group 2 (n=10), the eyepatch was attached on the skin and removed with oil. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), crying time were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: No interaction was found between group and timing for heart rate and oxygen saturation. In group 1, the NIPS score was higher and the crying time was longer than in group 2. No difference was observed in the erythema score between the groups. Conclusion: Removing the adhesive eyepatch using oil can be used as a nursing intervention to reduce pain and improve comfort in neonates.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1009-1017
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• 1997

This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status and growth development of children provided with and without the national school -lunch program(NLSP). The subjects consisted of 590 elementary school children (313 boys, 277 girls) in the 2nd, 4th and 6th grades provided with (n=390) and without (n=200) NSLP. anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness and body fat percentage. Nutrient intakes were assessed by a modified 24 -hour recall method. Fastinig blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, serum iron and total iron binding capacity. The results obtained are summarized as follows. No significant differences between children provided with and without NSLP were found in height and body weight, but triceps skinfold thickness and body fat(%) were significantly higher in children without NSLP than in those with NSLP. There was no significant difference in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit between children provided with and without NSLP. However, serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation were higher in the children provided with NSLP(81.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 22.8%) than in the children without NSLP(73.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 20.9%). When comparing iron and vitamin C intakes , iron intake was significantly higher in children provided with school-lunch, but vitamin C intake was significantly higher in children provided without school-lunch. Percentages of iron -deficient anemia in underweight, normal and obese children when judged by total iron binding capacity were 14.9%, 12.5% and 25.8% respectively.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.301-308
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• 1993

현상론적인 비 선형 이득 포화 효과가 연속 파장 가변시 다전극 DBR 레이저의 변조 특성에 미치는 영향을 이론적으로 분석하였다. 수동 부분에 전류 주입의 증가에 따라 FM 효율, 3dB 대역폭, 공명 주파수는 감소하지만, flat FM응답은 증가한다. 비 선형 이득 포화 효과는 FM/IM응답, 3dB 대역폭, 공명 주파수, chirping-to-modulation-power ratio 등 변조 특성에 커다란 영향을 미치지만, 연속 파장 가변에 의한 변조 특성에는 영향을 미치지 않는다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2002

In this study, energy conversion from thermal energy to mechanical power by using n-pentane was tested and exergy variation, cycle number, water quantity pumped and thermal efficiency were analyzed. The energy conversion was done and the water head could be ten meters on the experimental conditions. The operating temperature range of cycle was recommended to be around the liquid-vapour saturation temperature of the working fluid on the viewpoint of the maximum work. The cycle diagram was analyzed by the exergy analysis. For the constant water head, the cycle number was decreased and the water quantity per day was increased and thermal efficiency become higher when the water quantity per cycle become increasing. For the constant pumping water quantity per cycle, cycle number and the water quantity per day was decreased and the thermal efficiency become higher because the saturation temperature become higher when the water head become higher.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1999년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.497-500
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• 1999

This paper reports on the fabrication and characteristics of recessed gate GaN MESFETs fabricated using a photoelectrochemical wet etching method. The unique etching process utilizes photo-resistive mask and KOH based etchant. GaN MESFETs with successfully recessed gate structure was characterized in terms of dc and RF performance. The fabricated GaN MESFET exhibits a current saturation at $V_{DS}$ = 4 V and a pinch-off at $V_{GS}$ =-3V The peak drain current of the device is about 230mA/mm at 300 K and the value is remained almost same for 500K operation. The $f_{T}$ and $f_{max}$ from the device are 6.357Hz and 10.25 GHz, respectively.y.y.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.303-305
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• 2000

The effect of anisotropy field on the high frequency magnetic characteristics of FeTaN films was investigated. Those films show good magnetic properties : 4$\pi$Ms of 13KG, Hc of 0.6 Oe, effective permeability(${\mu}$') of 800 with a stable frequency response up to 800MHz. The films also show a large anisotropy field(Hk) over 21Oe. It result from the increased anisotropy of patterned FeTaN films. The combination of high saturation magnetization and relatively high Hk in these films is believed to the partly responsible for FeTaN for the excellent high-frequency behavior.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제27권11C호
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• pp.1139-1151
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 스위칭 시스템의 대용량화를 위해 시분할 다중합 방식과 멀티 홉 구조를 적용한 새로운 형태의 모듈화된 광 공간 스위치를 제안하였다. 그리고 기존 광 공간 스위치와의 비교를 통해 전력 손실, 사용 소자의 수, 신호대 누화비 등의 성능이 더 우수함을 보였다. 또한, 그 구조에서의 모듈 수, M에 따른 포화 처리율을 해석한 결과, 한 모듈의 입력 포트 수(N)가 매우 클 때, M개의 모듈을 가진 스위칭 시스템의 포화 처리율은 M+l-√($M^2$+1)이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 제안한 스위치에서의 셀 손실율 특성을 시뮬레이션을 통해 알아보았다. 예를 들어, $\rho$=0.9, M=8, N=32일 경우, $10^{-6}$ 이하의 셀 손실율을 얻기 위해서는 입력 버퍼의 저장 유닛의 수가 6개, 출력 버퍼의 저장 유닛의 수가 52개 이상이어야 함을 알 수 있었다.다.