• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.150-184
• /
• 1978

Nutritional characteristics and physio-chemical properties of mycelial growth and fruitbody formation of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus)in synthetic media, the curtural condition for the commerical production in the rice straw and poplar sawdust media, and the changes of the chemical components of the media and mushroom during the cultivation were investigated. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Among the carbon sources mannitol and sucrose gave rapid mycelial growth and rapid formation of fruit-body with higher yield, while lactose and rhamnose gave no mycelial growth. Also, citric acid, succinic acid, ethyl alcohol and glycerol gave poor fruit-body formation, and acetic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, n-butyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol and iso-butyl alcohol inhibited mycelial growth. 2. Among the nitrogen sources peptone gave rapid mycelial growth and rapid formation of fruit-body with higher yield, while D,L-alanine, asparatic acid, glycine and serine gave very poor fruit-body formation, and nitrite nitrogens, L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine inhibited mycelial growth. Inorganic nitrogens and amino acids added to peptone were effective for fruit-body growth, and thus addition of ammonium sulfate, ammonium tartarate, D,L-alanine and L-leucine resulted in about 10% increase fruit-body yield. L-asparic acid about 15%, L-arginine about 20%, L-glutamic acid, and L-lysine about 25%. 3. At C/N ratio of 15.23 fruit-body formation was fast, but the yield decreased, and at C/N ratio of 11.42 fruit-body formation was slow, but the yield increased. Also, at the same C/N ratio the higher the concentration of mannitol and petone, the higher yield was produced. Thus, from the view point of both yield of fruit-body and time required for fruiting the optimum C/N ratio would be 30. 46. 4. Thiamine, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and magnecium sulfate at the concentration of $50{\mu}g%$. 0.2% and 0.02-0.03%, respectively, gave excellent mycelial and fruit-body growth. Among the micronutrients ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate showed synergetic growth promoting effect but lack of manganese resulted in a little reduction in mycelial and fruit-body growth. The optimum concentrati on of each these nutrients was 0.02mg%. 5. Cytosine and indole acetic acid at 0.2-1mg% and 0.01mg%, respectively, increased amount of mycelia, but had no effect on yield of fruit-body. The other purine and pyrimidine bases and plant hormones also had no effect on mycelial and fruit-belly yield. 6. Illumination inhibited mycelial growth, but illumination during the latter part of vegetative growth induced primordia formation. The optimum light intensity and exposure time was 100 to 500 lux and 6-12 hours per day, respectively. Higher intensity of light was injurous, and in darkness only vegetative growth without primordia formation was continued. 7. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ and for fruit-body formation 10 to $15^{\circi}C$. The optimum pH range was from 5.0 to 6.5. The most excellent fry it-body formation were produced from the mycelium grown for 7 to 10 days. The lesser the volume of media, the more rapid the formation of fruit-body; and the lower the yield of fruit-body; and the more the volume of media, the slower the formation of fruit-body, and the higher the yield of fruit-body. The primordia formation was inhibited by $CO_2$. 8. The optimum moisture content for mycelial growth was over 70% in the bottle media of rice straw and poplar sawdust. 10% addition of rice bran to the media exhibited excellent mycelial growth and fruit-body formation, and the addition of calciumcarbonate alone was effective, but the addition of calcium carbonate was ineffective in the presence of rice bran. 9. In the cultivation experiments the total yield of mushroom from the rice straw media was $14.99kg/m^2$, and from the sawdust media $6.52kg/m^2$, 90% of which was produced from the first and second cropping period. The total yield from the rice straw media was about 2.3 times as high as that from the sawdust media. 10. Among the chemical components of the media little change was observed in the content of ash on the dry weight basis, and organic matter content decreased as the cultivation progressed. Moisture content, which was about 79% at the time of spawning, decreased a little during the period of mycelial propagation, after which no change was observed. 11. During the period from spawning to the fourth cropping about 16.7% of the dry matter, about 19.3% of organic matter, and about 40% of nitrogen were lost from the rice straw media; about 7.5% of dry mallet, about 7.6% of organic matter, and about 20% of nitrogen were lost from the sawdust media. For the production of 1kg of mushroom about 232g of organic matter and about 7.0g of nitrogen were consumed from the rice straw media; about 235g of organic matter and about 6.8g of nitrogen were consumed from the sawdust media, 1㎏ of mushroom from either of media contains 82.4 and 82.3g of organic matter and 5.6 and 5.4g of nitrogen, respectively. 12. Total nitrogen content of the two media decreased gradually as the cultivation progressed, and total loss of insoluble nitrogen was greater than that of soluble nitrogen. Content of amino nitrogen continued to increase up to the third cropping time, after which it decreased. 13. In the rice straw media 28.0 and 13.8% of the total pentosan and ${\alpha}$-cellulose, respectively, lost during the whole cultivation period was lost during the period of mycelial growth; in the sawdust media 24.1 and 11.9% of the total pentosan and ${\alpha}$-cellulose, respectively, was lost during the period of mycelial growth. Lignin content in the media began to decrease slightly from the second cropping time, while the content of reduced sugar, trehalose and mannitol continued to increase. C/N ratio of the rice straw media decreased from 33.2 at spawining to 30.0 at ending; that of the sawdust media decreased from 61.3 to 60.0. 14. In both media phosphorus, potassium, manganese and zinc decreased, at magnesium, calcium and copper showed irregular changes, and iron had a tendency to be increased. 15. Enzyme activities are much higher in the rice straw media than in the sawdust media. CMC saccharifying and liquefying activity gradually increased from after mycelial propagation to the second cropping, after which it decreased in both media. Xylanase activity rapidly and greatly increased during the second cropping period rather than the first period. At the start of the third cropping period the activity decreased rapidly in the rice straw media, which was not observed in the sawdust media. Protease activity was highest after mycelial propagation, after which it gradually decreased. The pH of the rice straw media decreased from 6.3 at spawning to 5.0 after fourth cropping; that of the sawdust media decreased from 5.7 to 4.9. 16. The contents of all the components except crude fibre of the mushroom from the rice straw media were higher than those from the sawdust media. Little change was observed in the content of the components of mushroom cropped from the first to the third period, but slight decrease was noticed at the fourth cropping.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 1998

For cultivation on sawdust-bed of oak-mushroom until present time, inoculation of spawn on sawdust bed has been performed by sawdust spawn. But, liquid spawn may have advantages for rapid mass production of spawn, and now, sawdust-cultivation by liquid spawn inoculation should be applied instead of sawdust spawn. Therefore, investigations were performed to evaluate the effect of sawdust-cultivation by liquid spawn inoculation. The results were as follows: 1. When 11 kinds of liquid media were applied, the oak-mushroom culture medium was the most excellent in growth. Most suitable temperature at PDA was $25^{\circ}C$, and $22.5\sim27.5^{\circ}C$ in range were optimal for liquid culture. In liquid culture, amount of mycelial growth increases rapidly up to 40 days of cultivation. Incubation at fermentor brought yield of 106mg dry mycelia per 40ml media after 17 days. 2. In 1l-spawn bottle, growth of mycelium by inoculation of 20ml-liquid spawns were faster than 6g-sawdust spawn in spread of mycelia. On 2kg-bag culture, inoculations of 10ml-, 20ml- and 30ml-liquid spawns were all slower than 20g-sawdust spawn in mycelial spread. So, amount increasement in ampunt of liquid spawn should be discussed. Yields of mushrooms until third sproutings of 2kg-bag culture were 580g in 30ml-liquid spawn inoculation, but 510g, 486g and 470g from 20g-sawdust spawn, 20ml-liquid spawn and 10ml-liquid spawn, respectively. Thus, 30ml-liquid spawn inoculation was highest in yield.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.589-598
• /
• 2021

White strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus are more difficult to cultivate than are brown strains; therefore, new white strain breeding strategies are required. Accordingly, we constructed the genetic map of H. marmoreus with 1996 SNP markers on 11 linkage groups (LGs) spanning 1380.49 cM. Prior to analysis, 82 backcrossed strains (HM8 lines) were generated by mating between KMCC03106-31 and the progenies of the F1 hybrid (Hami-18 × KMCC03106-93). Using HM8, the first 23 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits were detected with high limit of detection (LOD) scores (1.98-9.86). The length, thickness, and hardness of the stipe were colocated on LG 1. Especially, length of stipe and thickness of stipe were highly correlated given that the correlation coefficients were negative (-0.39, p value ≤ .01). And a typical biomodal distribution was observed for lightness of the pileus and the lightness of the pileus trait belonged to the LG 8, as did traits of earliness and mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Therefore, results for color traits can be suggested that color is controlled by a multi-gene of one locus. The yield trait was highly negatively correlated with the traits for thickness of the stipe (-0.45, p value ≤ .01). Based on additive effects, the white strain was confirmed as recessive; however, traits of mycelial growth, lightness, and quality were inherited by backcrossed HM8 lines. This new genetic map, finely mapped QTLs, and the strong selection markers could be used in molecular breeding of H. marmoreus.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.31-44
• /
• 1976

The studies were carried out to examine the effects of supplementation of nutritional substances and physical conditions in substrate on the mycelial growth and yield of fresh sporophores of winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes(Curt. ex Fr.) Sing. and to obtain further informations on the nutritional requirements of the fungus with reference to improvement of substrate through [analysis of chemical composition of the substrates during the cultivation period. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The best yield of fresh sporophores, 84.4 g per 280 g substrate in a bottle, was obtained from the mixture of poplar sawdust 10 and rice bran 3 by volume when Flammulina velutipes was cultivated on the poplar sawdust supplemented by rice bran, wheat bran, cattle manure and various combinations of these materials as nutrient sources. The substrates of poplar sawdust 10 plus rice bran 3 and 2 or wheat bran 3 with a higher yield of fresh sporophores showed a comparatively higher content of total nitrogen. total sugar, and potassium. 2. The mycelial growth of the fungus was compared on the substrates of poplar sawdust supplemented by the several nutrient sources and poplar sawdust alone. The fastest linear growth occurred on substrates of poplar sawdust alone and poplar sawdust plus cattle manure deficient in sugar and nitrogen sources, but mycelial density was more sparse on the substrates. Also, growth in a solution extracted from these substrates was very meager. 3. In the substrates which varied with bulk density and moisture content optimum bulk density and moisture content for mycelial growth was 0.2g/cc and 72% on a dry weight basis, respectively, but the highest yield of fresh sporophores was obtained at the bulk density of 0.3g/cc and moisture content of 67%. 4. By increasing the ratio of rice bran in poplar sawdust the loss of total weight and ash, content at each stage was increased, and during the cultivation period of 75 days, loss of total weight of the substrates at inoculation was 17.8 to 28.8% and ash content increased about 12%. 5. 11 to 14% of the cellulose and 3 to 4% of the lignin content per original substrate were decreased without a great difference depending of the mixing ratio of rice bran. The soluble glucose concentration in the substrates was increased during the same period. 6. In the process of vegetative and reproductive growth of the fungus upon the substrates, the total nitrogen was increased in quantity per dry weight of sample but was reduced in absolute quantity to a minute extent. There is no great changes in content of organic nitrogen including amino acid nitrogen, and hydrolysable ammonium nitrogen during the vegetative growth period, but occurrence of sporophores resulted in a decrease in the nitrogen content of these forms. On the one hand, by an increase of additive amounts of rice bran, nitrogen contents of these forms were higher and the reduction range during the reproductive growth period became wider. 7. Mycelial growth of the fungus was accelerated in various liquid media supplemented with organic nitrogen sources such as peptone and yeast extract in comparison with addition of inorganic nitrogen sources. Furthermore, mycelial growth was mere vigorous in the media with higher content of organic nitrogen sources.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.26 no.2 s.85
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 1998

The effects of medium, incubation temperature, incubation period, pH of medium and $CO_2$ ondition during mycelial growth were investigated to study the factors associated with the formation of oidia in Flammulina velutipes. Oidia formation was increased when mycelial growth was poor, while oidia formation was inhibited in optimum condition of mycelial growth. Mating type of oidia was investigated to examine the effect of oidia formation on dikaryotic strain. Di-mon matings between oidia strains and original dikaryotic strain were carried out. Monokaryotic strains derived from oidia showed only one genotype. Seventy percent among Dimon mating strains showed slow mycelial growth and low yield of fruit-body, but others showed similar or high mycelial growth and yields in comparision with original dikaryon strain. One strain from di-mon mating demonstrated some differences in isozyme band pattern.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate effect of $CaCO_3$ treatment on cultivation of oyster mushroom for suppression of green mold disease and for promotion of mycelial growth to stabilize mushroom production in field and laboratory experiment. Treatment of $CaCO_3$ in PDA media promoted mycelial growth of mushroom and suppressed that of green mold. Addition of $CaCO_3$ in rice straw substrate increased mushroom mycelial growth compared with control. In that case, growth of green mold increased up to treated 0.6% $CaCO_3$ but decreased in treatment beyond 0.8% $CaCO_3$. There were some differences on effect of $CaCO_3$ treatment according to green mold species. Trichoderma longibrachiatum was effected but T. virens was not effected by treated $CaCO_3$. Differences among mushroom strains by treated $CaCO_3$ were not shown. It is confirmed that treatment of $CaCO_3$ can promote mushroom mycelial growth but it's not clear in the field. In the result of field test, treatment of $CaCO_3$ in rice straw substrates tended to increase yield and decrease incidence of disease compared with non-treatment. These results suggest that $CaCO_3$ treatment on cultivation of oyster mushroom can be applied to take preventive steps against of green mold disease.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.26 no.1 s.84
• /
• pp.60-68
• /
• 1998

The effect of P. agarici and P. tolaasii causing the bacterial disease of mushrooms on the mycelial growth and fruitbody formation of F. velutipes was evaluated in laboratory. When the pathogenic bacteria was inoculated simultaneously with F. velutipes or 5 days after inoculation of F. velutipes, they significantly deterred both mycelial growth and fruitbody formation of F. velutipes in sawdust culture and showed strong inhibition under high population density. They appeared to be tender or milky in exhibiting symptom on F. velutipes by inoculating the concentration of $10^2{\sim}10^6$ of unit/g media, and their growth seemed to be stopped under $10^8\;cfu/g$ media. On $10^2\;cfu/g$ media of P. agarici and $10^4\;cfu/g$ media of P. tolaasii, there was no effect on the fruitbody yield of F. velutipes. P. tolaasii was more suppressive in the mycelial growth of F. velutipes than P. agarici, while on fruitbodies formation of F. velutipes, P. agarici showed slightly higher inhibition than that of P. tolaasii. When the bacteria was inoculated 10 days after inoculation of F. velutipes, both mycelial growth and fruit body formation were not affected nearly.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.49-53
• /
• 2012

Hot-water extracted natural media were made from raw materials for mycelial culture of Pleurotus eryngii. Poplar sawdust, wheat bran and rice bran were used as substrates for hot water extraction. The mixed substrates of poplar sawdust, wheat bran, and rice bran with 50 : 20 : 30 (v/v/v, PWR523) and 50 : 30 : 20 (v/v/v, PWR532) were optimal for mycelial growth of P. eryngii, respectively. The hot-water extracted natural media from PWR523 and PWR532 showed a rapid mycelial growth and spawn running compared to PDA. There was no significant difference in mushroom yield when the mycelium grown on the hot-water extracted natural media was used as the inoculum source for producing fruit body.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2000

This experiment were carried out to investigate the effect of the rice bran added into spawn various amounts on the cultivation. Our results show that 10 to 20 percent addition of the rice bran as a supplement results in a good mycelial growth and density. However we didn't find a significant variance among the different species of oyster mushroom using poplar sawdust as a medium. When it inoculated spawn with various amounts of rice bran on the medium of rice straw, the mycelial density was increased according to the increase of the added supplement, while there was no significant in the mycelial growth among the treatments. Through the field test it was showed that 15 to 20 percent addition of the supplement results in the highest yield, the shortest days from spawing to pinhead, and the lowest infection rate.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.354-359
• /
• 1992

The effect of the addition of various vegetable oils on the mycelial growth was studied. Most vegetable oils were proved to be stimulative for the mycelial growth, and the best mycelial growth (12 mg/ml) was obtained with the addition of cotton seed oil. Several agricultural wastes i.e., rice straw, peanut hull, sawdust, rice hull, cocoa hull, coffee waste and beer waste were empolyed as substrates for sporophore production of p. sajor-caju. The biological efficiency(BE) for sporophore productions of rice straw and peanut hull were 36.4% and 32.6%, respectively. The highest yield of sporophore was obtained from the mixture of rice straw (50%) and beer waste (50%)(BE 109.6%) followed by peanut hull (50%) and beer waste (50%)(BE; 74.5%).