• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.80-83
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• 2011

Sparassis crispa(Cauliflower mushroom) was an edible mushroom that shows remarkably high contents of ${\beta}$-glucan compared to other edible mushroom. In this study, we aimed to select suitable conditions and materials for mycelial growth and fruit body production. The longer saccharification time of barely result in higher sugar content for eight hours. The optimal sugar content of media for mycelial growth was showed at level of 6 $^{\circ}Brix$. Optimum temperature and pH for mycelial growth in liquid spawn were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0~6.0, respectively. In case of sawdust was used Larix kaempferi as main material, the fruit body yield and cultivation period of supplemented with 10% wheat flour and 20% corn flour were highest and fastest, respectively.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2000

This study was carried out to find a useful mushroom at Chungnam Agricultural Research And Extention Service. Twenty materials used were collected from domestic and exotic area. These races were compared bontanical characteristics to leading varieties by PCR-RAPD methods. Mycelial growth temperature of Chongpung and Myongwol were at 20 to 25 $^{\circ}C$ and 25 to 30 $^{\circ}C$ at PDA medium, respectively mycelial growth of these varieties were similiar at pH 6.5 to 7.5. In case of mushroom cultivation temperature ranges, Chongpung was at 5 to 26$^{\circ}C$ and Myongwol was at 7 to 28$^{\circ}C$, but the optimum temperature range of these were appeared at 15 to 19$^{\circ}C$. Culture temperature of these was 23$^{\circ}C$ and period of mycelial culture was needed 23 to 24 days under 850cc/pp, while was needed 11 to 12 days at waste cotton medium. Cap color of these at first inducing mushroom was all dark blue, but at late growing stages Chongpung was shown as grey, and Myongwol was shown as dark grey. Yield of Chongpung was appeared as 46kg/3.3$m^2$ and that of Myongwol was 41kg /3.3$m^2$, while Chunchu No2 as check was 40kg/3.3$m^2$. Results from PDA medium and PCR-RAPD analysis two of these were different from others.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the artificial cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii on the optimal medium vessel, periods of cultivation and the optimal method of pinheading for both yield and quality of fruiting body were also performed. The optimal composition of sawdust medium in polypropylene(PP) bottle was combination of sawdust(70%) and corncob(30%) but increased amount of corncob delayed the period of mycelial growth. The mycelial growth and the yield of fruiting body in the medium with beat pulp were worse than that without beat pulp. The optimal composition of nutrients for both yield and quality of fruit body tuned out to be a combination of rice bran(12%), wheat bran(12%) and cottonseed cake(6%). Additions of zeolite, shell lime and bean curd dregs were not effective in mycelial growth and yield of fruit body. When testing size of PP bottle for cultivation, the larger of bottle mouth is, the more pinheading number found, but the number of available fruit body is not significantly different. The culture in $1100\;ml-{\phi}75\;mm$ bottle is the best in the yield and quality of fruit body than those in $555\;ml-{\phi}50\;mm,\;850\;ml-{\phi}58\;mm,\;850\;ml-{\phi}65\;mm\;and\;1100\;ml-{\phi}65\;mm$ bottle. Using the PP bag for cultivation, a square shaped bag was better than a round shaped and black square shaped in mycelial growth and yield of fruit body. The most suitable period of incubation was 35 days after inoculation at $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. When the incubation periods was decreased less than 35 days, the pileus formation and yields were very bad but a pinheading condition looked similar, For an optimal pinheading, turning upside down was better than standing and covering.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.124-131
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• 1989

Some factors effecting on mycelial growth and cultural substrates using pine sawdust were investigated to develop an artificial cultivation technique. The optimal temperature and media pH for the mycelial growth were at $25^{\circ}C$ and 4.0, respectively. The mycelial growth was not different among three isolates tested. Among them ASI 19003 isolate showed the highest mycelial density and fruitbody yield. Among supplements added into pine sawdust, wheat bran was the best and its appropriate percentage was 20 for the mycelial growth. The mycelial densities were uprisen according to the amounts of the supplement. The highest yield, 107g/bottle of the sporophores of the mushroom was obtained from the substrates supplemented by 30% of wheat bran, but no fruitbody was formed on non supplemented one. Optimal moisture contents of the substrates was different for the mycelial growth, pinheading and fruitbody yields. Sixty five, 60 and 75% of moisture contents of the substrates were optimal for the mycelial growth, pinheading and fruitbody yields, respectively.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.156-162
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• 2009

These experiments were carried out to determine the optimal culture conditions for nine strains of collected Hatakeshimeji, Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.:Fr.) Sing. SPA 202 and SPA 205 strains were selected because mycelium grew fast and showed fine density. All strains showed fast mycelial growth and mycelial density on BC(Burke compost) media for 20 days of incubation. The optimal sawdust species for the mycelial growth were the fermented sawdusts of Quercus aliena and Populus deltoides. Spawn running period on the fermented sawdust substrate required 50 days at 20 to $25^{\circ}C$ and additional 7 days after soil casing. Cultivation period and temperature forprimordia formation and fruitbody development appeared from 10 to 11 days and from 7 to 8 days at 17 to $18^{\circ}C$ respectively. The length of pilei and stipes of SPA 202 harvested in optimal stage showed 60mm and 67mm, respectively. Yield of SPA 202 strain grown on fermented sawdust substrate was 130g per 1,100ml in bottle cultivation. The length of pilei and stipes of SPA 205harvested in optimal stage showed 51mm and 81mm, respectively. Yield of SPA 205 strain grown on fermented sawdust substrate was 129g per 1,100 ml in bottle cultivation. SPA 202 strain and SPA 205 strain in artificial bottle cultivation of Lyophyllum decastes used in fermented sawdust substrate were selected as themost appropriate strain in yield.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 2020

Ashwagandha is an important ancient medicinal crops, being affected with many diseases, among which leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata has become the constraint resulting in huge yield losses. Continuous usage of chemical methods leads to environment, soil and water pollution. Whereas biological control of diseases is long lasting, inexpensive, eco-friendly and harmless to target organisms. In this context, it is aimed to evaluate five Trichoderma strains viz. Trichoderma virens IMI-392430, T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431, T. harzianum IMI-392432, T. harzianum IMI-392433 and T. harzianum IMI-392434 as bio-control efficacy against A. alternata and growth promoting effect in Ashwagandha. All the Trichoderma strains had varied antagonistic effects against the pathogen. In dual culture technique, the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 showed maximum percentage inhibition of mycelial growth (54.89%) followed by T. harzianum IMI-392432 (53.83%), T. harzianum IMI-392434 (48.94%) and T. virens IMI-392430, (43.62%) against the pathogen, while the least inhibition percentage was observed with the T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (36.60%). The culture filtrate of the Trichoderma strain, T. harzianum IMI-392433 recorded highest inhibition on the mycelial growth (39.05%) and spore germination (80.77%) of pathogen and the lowest was recorded in T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 (20.45 and 50%). Moreover, seeds treated with spore suspension of the strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 reduced the percentages of disease severity index significantly. The strain T. harzianum IMI-392433 also significantly increased seed germination %, seedling vigor and growth of Ashwagandha. The correlation matrix showed that root yield per plant of Ashwagandha had significant and positive correlation with plant height (r=0.726^⁎⁎), number of leaf (r=0.514^⁎⁎), number of primary branch (r=0.820^⁎⁎), number of secondary branch (r=0.829^⁎⁎), fresh plant weight (r=0.887^⁎⁎), plant dry weight (r=0.613^⁎⁎), root length (r=0.824^⁎⁎), root diameter (r=0.786^⁎⁎), root dry weight (r=0.739^⁎⁎) and fresh root weight (r=0.731^⁎⁎). The significant and negative correlation (r=-0.336^⁎⁎) was observed with the root yield and percentages of disease severity index. The study recognized that the T. harzianum IMI-392433 strain performed well in inhibiting the mycelial growth and reduced the percentages of disease severity index of pathogen as well as increased the plant growth in Ashwagandha.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.634-637
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• 2012

In strawberry production, among others, the high incidence of diseases by pathogenic fungi resulting in the reduction of fruit yield and quality requires the development of eco-friendly management systems rather than chemical sprays to control them. The diameter of colonies grown in media at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days was measured to evaluate the in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth of 5 pathogenic fungi by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV-C, 264 nm). The mycelial growth of 5 pathogenic fungi was inhibited in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by the irradiation of UV-C for 1 hour a day, and was dramatically inhibited by the irradiation of UV-C for 9-12 h a day. The irradiation of UV-C for 9-12 h a day inhibited completely the growth of the late blight pathogen, Phytophthora cactorum. The irradiation distance of 40 to 50 cm was effective for the inhibition of mycelial growth of fungi. The mycelial growth of fungi without pre-incubation was inhibited strongly by UV-C irradiation compared to fungi pre-incubated for 2 days without light. The mycelia growth of Colletotrichum gloeosprioides and Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited strongly by UV-C irradiation in vegetable 8 juice agar compared to PDA.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1975

Since the importance of casing in fruit body formation of Agaricus bisporus has been emphasized, physico-chemical characteristics of casing materials were discussed by many workers and a mixture of peat and mineral soil as proper casing material has been adopted in many of mushroom growing countries. Because of limited resources of peat in Korea, it is necessary to find practical performance and substitutional materials for casing. The effect of casing on mycelial growth and mushroom yield of A. bisporus varied with materials, its combination and practices etc. The experiments to be discussed in this paper are concerned with pH and Ca of casing material which influence A bisporus, and changes of physico-chemical characteristics with mixing ratio of casing materials and its effect on A. bisporus. The optimum range of moisture content of each material, management of watering and application of physico-chemical characteristics casing materials was also investigated and re-use of weathered spent compost for casing material was described. 1. The effect of calcium on mycelial growth of A. bisporus at various pH in Halbschalentest showed different results with calcium sources. Best results were obtained around neutrality and fresh weight of fruit bodies grown in the range of pH 7 to 8 was highest among the tested levels. 2. Available moisture, pore space, organic matter, cation exchangeable capacity and exchangeable cation was increased by an increase of mixing ratio of peat in casing materials, while an adverse effect was obtained by addition of sand. 3. Mycelial growth on clay loam was more rapid at a lower bulk density of 0.75g/cc and at 20% moisture content on a dry weight basis at the same bulk density. 4. Mixing ratio of casing materials, 60 to 80 per cent by volume of peat mixed with 20 to 40 per cent of clay loam produced the highest yield of fresh fruit bodies and sand the lowest. However, per cent of open cap was highest in peat and lowest in sand. 5. Days required for fruit body initiation was shortened in mixtures of peat and clay loam by one to three days compared with other materials and the formation of flushes was clear. 6. The effect of some physico-chemical characteristics of casing materials on the fresh weight of fruit bodies were estimated by a multiple regression equation; Y=-923.86+$8.18X_1+8.04X_2+7.90X_3+0.12X_4+2.03X_5-0.82X_6-0.54X_7$ where $X_1,X_2,X_3,X_4,X_5,X_6,X_7$ are sand, silt, clay, available moistuer, porosity, organic matter and exchangeable cation respectively. The productivity of certain casing material could be predicted from this equation. 7. Fresh weight of fruit bodies was positively correlated with porosity exchangeable cation, organic matter, available moisture, silt and clay of materials; while sand was negatively correlated. On the contrary, sand was the unique factor reducing per cent of open cap. 8. Distribution of three phases of high productive casing material was concentrated in the range of 10 to 30 per cent solids, 15 to 30 per cent liquids, and 50 to 60 per cent in air volume. 9. Fresh weight of fruit bodies from peat was not affected with heavy watering but in clay loam and sandy loam severe crop losses occurred. Fresh weight of individual fruit was increased and open caps were decreased with heavy watering but light watering resulted in adverse effects: its effect was especially great in peat. 10. Optimum range of moisture content by weight on a dry basis was different with each casing material. To maintain optimum moisture content concerned with yield of fruit bodies and open cap, sandy loam and peat mixtures required daily watering of 0.6, 0.6 to 1. 2 and 1.2 to 2.4 liters per $3.3m^2$ of bed area, respectively. 11. Maximum yield of fruit body was recorded in the range of pF 2. 0 to 2. 5 of casing materials if organic matter content was below 4.2 per cent and in pF 1. 3 to 1.8 if above 7.1%. 12. pF curve of a certain casing material could be draws from moisture content at various pF values by multiple regression equations provided texture, organic matter and calcium of the casing material are given. Optimum moisture range of the casing materials also could be estimated by the equation. 13. It was possible to improve the phyico-chemical characteristics of clay loam and sandy loam by addition of weathered spent compost although the effect was less than in the case of peat. Fresh weight of fruit bodies wsa increased by addition of weathered spent compost but its effect was not as remarkable as peat. Accordingly, further studies will be required.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2009

Recently sawdust cultivation of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes ) is getting increased because log cultivation is getting difficult to get oak logs. It is important to make mycelia browning on the substrate surface in sawdust cultivation. This browned surface plays an important role like as artificial bark of the oak log, which protects the other pests and suppresses water evaporation in the substrate. The period for mycelia browning is so long that the sawdust cultivation of Shiitake mushroom can not spread well into the mushroom farms. In this article we would like to discuss about the effect of environmental condition to the mycelial browning during sawdust bag cultivation for the To reduce the period required for browning of substrates, sawdust substrates was illuminated light with difference intensity. One hundred Lux light illumination was needed for producing normal yield of fruit body but fruit body yield was low and abnormally shaped fruit body was produced when cultured under the dark condition of incubation. Illumination over 200lux is necessary for the successful browning of substrates during incubation. Optimum incubation temperature for browning of substrates and fruiting was $25^{\circ}C$. The treatment of cotton plug with different size to identify the effect of aeration on the browning of substrates and fruiting showed rapid mycelial growth and reduced the periods for browning as the size of cotton plug was bigger. However, yield of fruit body was the highest at 16mm diameter cotton plug as compared to 20mm of that. $CO_2$ content in vessel of substrates was low as the size of cotton plug was bigger during incubation. $CO_2$ content during incubation of substrate was highest in periods between 8 week and 14 week after inoculation of shiitake when substrate was changed color into brown. $C_2H_4$ content in vessel with substrates was highest at 8mm diameter cotton plug and it was increased by order of 12, 16, 20, 0, 4 mm diameter cotton plug during substrate incubation. Sawdust substrate was soaked in cold water for different time to identify soaking effect of sawdust substrate on fruit body yield and activities of enzymes in these substrates were investigated. The fruit body yield was increased up to 40% by soaking substrates in comparison with unsoaked substrates. The soaked substrates showed 165, 175g/1,000ml at treatment of 4 and 15 hours, respectively. Cellulose activities in soaked substrates were not changed with soaking time, but activities of laccase, lignin degradation enzyme, were drastically increased up to 4 times in comparison with unsoaked substrates.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2018

Improper disposal of herb residues in China has caused severe problems to the surrounding environment and human safety. Three herb residues, i.e., compound Kushen injection residues (CKI) and part one and part two of Qizhitongluo Capsule residues (QC1 and QC2, respectively), were used for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. The effect of the supplementation of corncobs (CC) with different herb residues on yield, nutritional composition, and antioxidant activity of P. ostreatus was investigated. Compared to the control, the higher mycelial growth rate was observed on substrates CC +30% CKI and CC +30% QC1, while the higher yield was obtained from substrates CC +30% QC2 and CC +30% CKI. Moreover, chemical analysis of fruit bodies revealed that the addition of herb residues to CC significantly increased proteins, amino acids, ashes, minerals (Na and Ca), and total phenolic contents but significantly reduced carbohydrates and $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radicals. In addition, no heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and As) were detected in the fruiting bodies harvested from different substrate combinations. These results demonstrated that mixtures of CC with herb residues might be utilized as a novel, practical, and easily available substrate for the cultivation of P. ostreatus, which is beneficial for the effective management of herb residues.