• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of agitation, aeration and scale-up on the mycelial growth, exo-polysaccharide (EPS) production, and mycelial morphology in the liquid culture of Ganoderma lucidum. A correlation between roughness and operating variables was also studied to scale-up the liquid culture of G. lucidum in a jar fermenter. When the agitation speed or aeration rate increased, the morphological form was changed from rough pellet to smooth pellet form. Increase of the agitation and aeration reduced the mycelial roughness. On the other hand, in the case of pellet size, it was not affected by aeration. The higher EPS production was obtained at approximately 17% of roughness and mycelial pellet size of 3~5 mm. The morphology at each fermenter was closely correlated with kLa value, and it was found that similarity of morphology would be used as a criteria of scale-up for liquid culture of G. lucidum.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제21권A호
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• pp.337-341
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• 2001

This study was carried out to screen the effective polymeric additives preventing wall growth during mycelial submerged cultivation of Ganoderma. lucidum. Effects of additives on mycelial growth and exo-polysaccharide (EPS) production in flask culture and jar fermenter system under 3 different pH processes were investigated, and changes of mycelial morphology were also examined. From flask culture of G. lucidum with additives of different concentrations, 0.1%(w/v) polyacrylic acid was effective for EPS production. As the polyacrylic acid of 0.1%(w/v) was added in medium, wall growth of G. lucidum mycelium grown in jar fermenter system could be protected. The addition of 0.1%(w/v) polyacrylic acid to medium was also improved the mycelial growth and EPS production in the later of submerged culture G. lucidum and no changes of mycelial morphology were observed.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.193-199
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• 1991

The effects of pH on the cell growth, the elaboration of pullulan, and the morphology of Aureobasidium pullulans IFO 4464 were examined. A. pulluans grew in yeast-like form at constant pH7.5 and in mycelial form at constant pH2.5. At the both pH conditions, the elaboration of pullulan was very low, about 6.0~6.5g/l. The mixture of yeast-like form and mycelial form of cells was found at the constant pH4.5, at which condition, the elaboration of pullulan was high, about 24.5g/l. The pH shift experimemts showed that the specific production rates of pullulan were 0.048($hr^{-1}$)for the mycelial form and 0.058($hr^{-1}$)for the yeast like form, which indicated that the yeast-like form has the similar, only slightly higher, biosynthetic activity of pullulan to the mycelial form at pH4.5 and the pH of culture broth is more important factor for the elaboration of pullulan than the morphology of A. pullulans.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

버섯의 액체배양에 의한 균사체 및 세포외 다당 발효의 안정성과 생산성 증가를 도모하기 위하여, 영지(Ganoderma lucidum ASI 7004)의 액체배양 중, 배지조성($0{\sim}11\;g/l$의 ammonium)을 달리하여 균사체 형태 및 분화의 경시변화를 영상분석 시스템을 이용하여 분석하였다. 배지 조성 및 배양 조건에 따른 균사체 형태의 배양경시변화를 영상분석한 결과, non-branched long filamentous mycelium, non-branched short mycelium, branched long filamentous mycelium, branched short mycelium, entangled mycelium 및 각종 clump의 필라멘트 형태와, smooth pellet, rough pellet 및 hollow rough pellet의 펠렛 형태 등, 다양한 형태를 관찰할 수 있었다. Ammonium ion이 낮은 경우에는 필라멘트 형태의 균사 생육이 주인 반면, 높은 농도로 갈수록 펠렛 형태의 균사 생육이 주로 관찰되었다. 이러한 형태의 변화를 수치화 하는 수단으로 fractal 차원을 이용하여 형태를 분류한 결과, 11 g/l의 ammonium phosphate 농도에서 주로 나타나는 균사형태의 fractal 차원을 이용하여 형태를 분류한 결과, 11 g/l의 ammonium phosphate 농도에서 주로 나타나는 균사형태의 fractal 차원은 1.05 이었으나(펠렛형), ammonium phosphate의 결핍 시에 주로 나타나는 균사 형태의 fractal 차원은 1.3이었다(필라멘트형). 또 필라멘트형 및 펠렛형 균사체가 공존할 때의 fractal 차원은 1.16으로, 이들의 중간 값을 나타내었다. 따라서, fractal 차원은 균사 형태의 변화를 측정하는 지표 값으로 매우 유용할 것으로 생각되었다. 또 원형도는 펠렛형 균사체의 표면에서 균사 생육 정도를 판정하는데 유용한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.726-731
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• 1999

It was discovered that ammonium phosphate in the medium played an important role in both growing mycelium and producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) from G. lucidum. In lower concentration levels of ammonium phosphate (0-3 g/l), an improved mycelial growth was observed by maintaining more filamentous morphology than in high concentrations (5-11 g/l). In addition, it was confirmed by comparing the factual dimension and frequency of the area regarding the mycelial pellets. This must be attributed to limitations of nutrient transfer by maintaining filamentous mycelium during the cultivation in a low ammonium phosphate containing medium. On the other hand, the best EPS production was observed in medium with the absence or low concentration of ammonium phosphate. The shear stress of the culture broth was greatly affected by the shear rate, as compared with that of the culture broth with high ammonium phosphate concentration. The rheological characteristics of the fermentation broth and filtrate worked well according to the Herschel-Bulkley model. It was also found that the morphological changes of the mycelium resulting from the ammonium phosphate concentration directly affected the rheological characteristics of the system and resulted in reversely affecting the EPS production levels. Based on these results, it can be concluded that delicate regulation of the ammonium phosphate concentration in the culture media should be provided in order to obtain optimal mycelial growth and/or EPS production.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2001

The influence of the consumed carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio on mycelial morphology was investigated in cultures of Mortierella alpina using shake flasks. The consumed C/N ratio was varied from 5 to 32 under the condition that the total initial amount of the carbon and nitrogen sources was 50g/L. The whole mycelia and filamentous mycelia exhibited no relationship with the consumed C/N ratio below a consumed C/N ratio of 20 in the presence of either excess carbon or excess nitrogen. However, when the consumed C/N ratio increased higher than 20, the mycelial sizes increased in proportion to the consumed C/N ratio. However, the area ratio of filamentous mycelia to total mycelia was found to be independent of the consumed C/N ratio, and remained constant at 0.82. In the case of a fixed consumed C/N ratio of 20, the whole mycelia and filamentous mycelia increased in proportion to the degree of the medium strength, yet the area ratio of filamentous mycelia to total mycelia remained unchanged at 0.76. Accordingly, these results show that fungal morphology and mycelial size are both affected by the ratio of carbon to nitrogen. The findings of the current study will be helpful in obtaining the efficient production of useful bioproducts from fungal cultures.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2006

H. erinaceum의 기능성 소재화 연구의 일환으로, 지금까지 체계적으로 연구된 바 없는 H. erinaceum의 액체배양을 시도하고. 이 버섯의 서로 다른 생물반응기하의 액체배양 특성을 규명하고 대량생산을 검토하였다. 5 L 용량의 jar fermenter와 air-lift fermenter에서의 액체배양의 비교실험을 통해 air-lift fermenter의 사용이 종균 배양에 적합한 것으로 나타났으며, 형태 분석을 통해 적정 크기($2{\sim}4mm$)의 pellet 형태의 유지가 대량 생산의 중요인자인 것을 규명하였다. Air-lift fermenter 하의 배양을 종균으로 하고, 적정 크기의 pellet을 유지하는 500 L까지의 jar fermenter를 사용한 회분 배양의 scale-up 실험결과, 30 및 500 L에서의 교반 및 통기속도는 각각 200 rpm, 1 vvm 및 150 rpm, 1 vvm이었다. 이 조건하에서 배양의 전 기간 중 적정 pellet을 유지하였으며, 최대 균사체량은 약 $13{\sim}14g/L$이었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.388-395
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• 2016

The most serious aerial disease of garlic is leaf blight caused by Stemphylium spp. Geographical variation in the causal agent of this disease is indicated. Stemphylium vesicarium has been reported in Spain, whereas S. solani is the most prevalent species recorded in China. In this study, Stemphylium isolates were obtained from symptomatic garlic plants sampled from the main Spanish production areas. Sequence data for the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region enabled assignation of the isolates to the Pleospora herbarum complex and clearly distinguished the isolates from S. solani. Conidial morphology of the isolates corresponded to that of S. vesicarium and clearly discriminated them from S. alfalfae and S. herbarum on the basis of the size and septation pattern of mature conidia. Conidial morphology as well as conidial length, width and length:width ratio also allowed the Spanish isolates to be distinguished from S. botryosum and S. herbarum. Control of leaf blight of garlic is not well established. Few studies are available regarding the effectiveness of chemical treatments to reduce Stemphylium spp. incidence on garlic. The effectiveness of nine fungicides of different chemical groups to reduce Stemphylium mycelial growth in vitro was tested. Boscalid + pyraclostrobin (group name, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors + quinone outside inhibitors), iprodione (dicar-boximide), and prochloraz (demethylation inhibitors) were highly effective at reducing mycelial growth in S. vesicarium with $EC_{50}$ values less than 5 ppm. In general, the effectiveness of the fungicide was enhanced with increasing dosage.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2013

자연 상태에서 발생한 천마버섯 자실체의 다양한 부위로부터 분리한 조직을 버섯완전배지 및 감자배지에 배양하여 균사생장 속도, 균총 형태, 균사속 형성 정도에 따라 12종류로 구분할 수 있었다. 자실체배양체(fruiting culture isolate; FC)의 균사생장과 균사속은 감자배지보다 버섯완전배지에서 빠르고 잘 형성되었다. 이들을 다시 2차 계대 배양한 결과 버섯완전배지에서 11번 균주가 균총 분리 되면서 다시 분화되어 성장하였다. 균총 분리된 한 쪽의 균총이 12번과 유사하였고 이 12번 균주는 다른 종류와는 전혀 다른 특이한 양상을 나타내었다. 또한 RAPD에 의한 DNA 패턴 분석 결과 자실체 조직배양체는 천마균1호 품종과 동일한 양상을 나타냈으나 12번은 달랐다. 자실체 조직배양체 중에서 기존 천마균1호 품종보다 균사생장과 균사속 형성이 양호한 것을 선발할 수 있었다. 따라서 이들 조직배양체는 새로운 우량 계통으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 1992

Chitin합성 저해제인 buprofezin이 Coriolous versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, 및 G. applanatum 균사의 생장과 원형질체 나출 및 재생에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 buprofezin은 C. versicolor, G. lucidum 및 G. applanatum의 균사생장을 심히 저해하였고 첨가농도가 높을수록 균사생장 억제가 심하였다. Buprofezin처리에 의하여 기균사 및 oidia 형성량은 증가하였으나 균사의 형태에는 변화가 없었다. G. applanatum은 buprofezin 처리에 의하여 원형질체 나출량과 재생율이 현저히 증가하였으나, G. lucidum은 원형질체의 나출량과 재생율이 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 C. versicolor의 경우에는 원형질체 나출량이 증가하였으나, 재생율은 무처리와 차이를 보이지 않았다.