• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2008

Mutagenicity of cigarette smoke is one of the major health concerns related to smoking. Reduction of the components comprising mutagenic activity in cigarette mainstream smoke can be expected to bring about reduced risk of smoking. The purpose of this study is to isolate mutagenic compounds and to investigate the relative contribution to allover mutagenicity of smoke to find clues for the effective elimination of the components. Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) was obtained from total particulate matter (TPM) of mainstream smoke, and several fractions fractionated from CSC were made by combination of cation exchange chromatograph and reverse-phase chromatography. The mutagenic activity of these fractions was assessed using Salmonella mutagenicity assay with S. typimurium TA98 strain in the presence of metabolic activation system (S-9). The fractions isolated by cation exchange and reverse-phase column showed relatively high mutagenic activity. The basic and hydrophilic fraction 9 showed approximately 33% of mutagenic activity of CSC and its specific activity was 2,459 revertants/mg TPM. These results suggest that hydrophilic cation exchanger and/or other adsorbents possessing similar properties may be used to remove the mutagenic compounds from mainstream smoke.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2001

This paper reviews the results of a series of efforts to develop structure-activity models for slow-reacting chemicals and olefins whose toxicity may be enhanced by the ultraviolet radiation. Photoinduced toxicity of 14 compounds was found to be a different result of competing factors of structure, having carbon-carbon double bonds. To mimic the biological consequences of photooxidative damage in mammalian cells, the photochemical mutagenicith of 14 chemicals was tested in the CAS. Simple olefins were photochemically mutagenic or carcinogenic with irradiation, increasing the alkylating activity from zero level to 0.87(abs/gram) for styrene, 0.25 for 1-butene, 0.11 for 1-hexene, respectively, whereas no photochemical mutagenicity was observed with 1-octene in the absence of the CAS. Oxide compounds, however, showed a decreasing trend of photoalkylating activities in the presence or absence of the CAS. We found that the structure-activity relationship was not applicable to our data.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.284-294
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• 1988

To measure the mutagenic activity of micro-organic pollutants in drinking water, mutagenicity test was conducted using Salmnella typhimurium TA 98 strain on the water sample taken from three water supply stations and six tap water in Seoul in July and November 1987. The results were as follows : 1. The average amounts of organic matters in raw, treated, and tap water sampled in July were 0.38mg/l, 0.28mg/l, and 0.45mg/l. respectively, and sampled in November were 0.34mg/l, 0.24mg/l, and 0.22mg/l, respectively. The amount of organic matters of tap water sampled in November did not increase while that of tap water sampled in July increased compare to those of raw or treated water. 2. The amount of organic matters is the highest in neutral fraction compare to acidic and basic fractions. 3. In the five out of six tap water and raw water of Paldang and Kuui station sampled in July, the mutagenicity ratios were greater then two (both direct and indirect mutagenicity). 4. In the three out of six tap water and raw and treated water of Kuui station sampled in November, the mutagenicity ratios were greater than two. 5. While mutagenic activities were low in acidic and basic fraction, they were high in neutral fraction. The samples which had high mutagenic acitivity in the total amount also showed high mutagenic activity in neutral fraction. 6. While mutagenic acitivity was decreased after the treatement of water, it was increased in tap water as the distance from the water supply station increases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1680-1685
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• 2003

Antimutagenicity of milk cultured with lactic acid bacteria isolated from dadih on the mutagenicity of heated salty and sweet tauco was examined using streptomycin dependent (SD) 510 strain of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 as a tester culture. Cultured milk samples exhibited widely antimutagenic activity against mutagenic heated salty and sweet tauco. Lc. lactis subsp. lactis R-22, Lc. lactis subsp. casei R-35, Lc. lactis subsp. casei R-52 and E. faecalis subsp. liquefaciens R-55 exhibited no inhibitory effect on the mutagenic heated salty tauco. Mutagenicity of heated sweet tauco was inhibited by cultured milks stronger than that of heated salty tauco. Milk cultured with Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris R-48, Leuc. mesentroides R-51 and Lc. lactis subsp. casei R-68 showed high inhibition against the mutagenicity of both heated salty and sweet taucos. Antimutagenic activity of the cultured milks against mutagenic heated tauco was attributed to the bacterial cells. Among the three strains which showed high antimutagenicity, only Leuc. mesentroides R-51 was tolerant to both acid and bile; so this strain can be used as probiotic in preventing the occurrence of mutagenesis caused by mutagenic heated food like tauco.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.285-289
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• 1989

Pontential mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of four steroidal saponins from Smilax china rhizomes were investigated. These saponins did not revealed mutagneicity in the Ames and SOS umu test. For antimutagenic activity by SOS umu test, two spirostanol glycosides, dioscin and gracillin, inhibited the activity of ${\beta}-galactosidase$ induced by AF-2, but their proto-type furostanol glycosides did not show this activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1988

The mutagenic activities of the pyrolysates(300, 600, 750 and 85$0^{\circ}C$) of extracts from four antitussive or expectorant medicinal plants(Daturae Folios, Scopoliae Rhizoma, Acori Rhisoma, and Schigandrae Fructus) were studied in the Ames Salmonella/microsomes test system. The pyrolyzate of Schizandrae Fructus did not show the mutagenicity to tester strain TA98 of Salmonella typhinurium. However, those of other medicinal Plants, Daturae Folium, Scopoliae Rhigoma and Acori Rhizoma, exhibited the mutagenic activity to this strain and the mutagenicity of them were decreased gradually to 70% of the initial activity according to time course after the preparation of the samples with DMSO.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.917-921
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects on the mutagenicity and activity of DNA topoisomerase I of Sarcodon aspratus. Using an Ames mutagenicity test, which has been used to assess both mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of various molecules, it was observed that the methanol extracted fraction and other fractions (prepared in water or ethylacetate) of Sarcodon aspratus showed a significant antimutagenic activity against a mutagenecity induced by both a direct mutagenic agent such as MNNG and an indirect mutagenic agents such as B(a)P and AFB$_1$in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100. Also, the extract and fractions of Sarcodon aspratus were found to have an inhibitory activity on the relaxation process of DNA topoisomerase I.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.7 no.3_4
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• pp.69-79
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• 1992

Recently, concerns of water pollution and health risks caused by synthetic detergents have emerged, as the use of various detergents has increased It has been suggested that some surfactants are cocarcinogens. The surfactants tested were linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleat (tween 80), and the mutagens were 1-nitropyrene, N -methyl- N'-nitro-N -nitrosoguanidine, benzo (a) pyrene, and aflatoxin B$_1$. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of surfactants on the activity of mytagens using the Ames mutagenic assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The surfactants have no mutagenic activity of themselves. 2. Higher doses of surfactants than 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate reduced the number of revertants. It is assumed that the reduction would inhibited cell growth. 3. When the comutagenic ratio is defined as the ratio between mutagenic activity itself and the activity with mutagen and surfactant (drinking water quality standard), LAS showed the comutagenic ratio 0.86-1.17 and SLS 0.74-1.10 as well. According to the comparisons, it could not be recognised for the comutagenicity of drinking water quality standard of surfactant. 4. As increasing the amount of mutagens, the designated amount of surfactant did not affected the mutagen's activity statistically. From the above result, syunthetic surfactants do not present mutagenicity and comutagenicity in the microbial assay.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.41-67
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• 1988

Twelve residual pesticides which is applied mainly on the fruits and vegetables cultivation were tested for mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium. The results were as follows. 1) The pesticides tested - Thalonil, Monopho, Tedion, Danoton, Ometon, Prosing, EPN, Phentoate, Parathion, 8appiran and Captan-, except Dicofol, showed mutagenic activity. Especially, the pesticides which activated with 8-9 mixture gave strong mutagenic activity. 2) With Salmonella typhimurium TA100, the pesticides Monopho, Parathion and Sappiran showed mutagenic activity at $0.5{\mu}g/plate;\;Ometon,\;0.01\; t.tl/plate;Thalonil,\;0.20{\mu}g/plate;\;Prosing,\; 0.20{\mu}l/plate;$ Tedion, Danoton and Phentoate, $1.0\;{\mu}l/plate;\;and\;Captan,\;1.0\;{\mu}g/plate.$ 3) With Salmonella typhimurium TA98, the pesticide Sappiran showed mutagenic activity at $0.02\;{\mu}g/plate;\;Thalonil,\;0.05\;{\mu}g/plate;\;EPN,\;0.05\;{\mu}/plate;\; Phentoate,\;0.10\; {\mu}l/plate;\;Danoton,\;0.50\;{\mu}l/plate;$ Prosing, $ 0.50\;{\mu}g/plate;\;and\;Tedion\;and\;Monopho,\;1.0\;{\mu}l/plate.$ 4) With Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, The pesticides Captan and Danoton showed mutagenic activity at $0.10\;{\mu}g/plate\;and\;0.20\;{\mu}g/plate,\;respectively.$ 5) With Salmonella typhimurium TA1538, The pestides Phentoate showed mutagenic activity at $0.05\;{\mu}l/plate;\;Monopho,\;0.10\;{\mu}l/plate;\;Thalonil,\;0.20 {\mu}g/plate;\;and\;Tedion\;and\;EPN,\;1.0\;{\mu}l/plate.$ 6) The pesticides which commonly showed high mutagenic activity were Thalonil, Phentoate, Parathion and Sappiran. The pesticides Ometon and EPN showed mutagenic activity at only TA100 and TA98, respectively.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1998

Antimutagenic activity of Saururus chinesis (Lour.) Bail was investigated for food-borne mutagens using S. typhimurium TA98. Methanol extract from Saururus Chinesis (Lour.) Bail was fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol fractions, followed by determination of antimutagenic activity for food-borne mutagenic heterogenic amines (HCA). The hexane fraction exhibited a strong antimutagenic activity for 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyroid[4,3-b]indole acetate (Trp-2-A); however its fraction rather enhanced the bacterial mutagenicity of 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinozaline (4,8-diMeIQx) and 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxline (7,8-diMeIQx). Active principle in the fraction was found to be two major compounds (${\gamma}$-crene B and epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrane) and 6 minor compounds (${\delta}$-caryophyllene, ${\gamma}$-elemene, ${\beta}$-cabebene, ${\delta}$-cadinene, ${\delta}$-selinene, and patchoulene). Modulation effect for the mutagenic activity of the food-borne mutagenic HCA by the fraction might be derived from a cumulative effect of each individual compounds. Hence, this hexane fraction might be use to reduce the production of mutagenic HCA during cooking process of protein-rich foods.