• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.773-779
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• 1996

Dried oak mushroom have complex and various visual features. Grading and sorting of dried oak mushrooms has been done by the human expert. Though actions involved in human grading looked simple, a decision making underneath the simple action comes from the result of the complex neural processing of the visual image. Through processing details involved in human visual recognition has not been fully investigated yet, it might say human can recognize objects via one of three ways such as extracting specific features or just image itself without extracting those features or in a combined manner. In most cases, extracting some special quantitative features from the camera image requires complex algorithms and processing of the gray level image requires the heavy computing load. This fact can be worse especially in dealing with nonuniform, irregular and fuzzy shaped agricultural products, resulting in poor performance because of the sensitiveness to the crisp criteria or specific ules set up by algorithms. Also restriction of the real time processing often forces to use binary segmentation but in that case some important information of the object can be lost. In this paper, the neuro net based real time recognition algorithm was proposed without extracting any visual feature but using only the directly captured raw gray images. Specially formated adaptable size of grids was proposed for the network input. The compensation of illumination was also done to accomodate the variable lighting environment. The proposed grading scheme showed very successful results.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1019-1027
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• 2021

There are a lot of efforts to develop new compounds having skin whitening effect from natural products. Sparassis crispa is a medicinal mushroom containing more than 40% β-glucan, which exhibits anticancer and immunostimulating effects. The aim of this study was to assess the availability of β-glucan extracted from cauliflower mushroom S. crispa as a skin whitener through the evaluation of inhibitory effects of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity and their mechanisms. B16F1 cells were treated with S. crispa β-glucan (10, 100, and 1,000 ㎍/ml, respectively) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), simultaneously. Content of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity were determined. The expressions levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were also measured by western blotting. Treatment with 10, 100 and 1,000 ㎍/ml S. crispa β-glucan and 200 nM α-MSH significantly decreased melanin synthesis by 13.9%, 18.7% and 39.5%, respectively, and tyrosinase activity by 15.6%, 26.9% and 43.2%, respectively, compared to the α-MSH alone group. In addition, S. crispa β-glucan inhibited expressions of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF induced by α-MSH. These results indicated that S. crispa β-glucan inhibited MITF expression, thereby reducing tyrosinase expression and inhibiting melanin production in B16F1 melanoma cells. Therefore, S. crispa β-glucan might be available as a skin whitener.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2019

The materials of artificial soils in the production process of container seedlings have a great influence on plant growth. Peat moss, vermiculite, and perlite have been used as major components of artificial soils for many years; however, they could decrease carbon fixation carried out by the soil and cause environmental problems such as a change in the water quality. Thus, environmental friendly materials to replace them must be developed. The purpose of this study was to verify the optimum additive materials of artificial soils and their mixed ratios for the growth and seedling quality index (SQI) of Quercus serrata. Rice husk, mushroom sawdust, and pine bark were each used as an additive material and mixed into the growth medium at 10% and 20% of the total volume. There was no significant difference in the height growth of Q. serrata. The 20% mushroom sawdust decreased the root collar diameter by 23.4% compared to the control. The total dry weight was highest with the 10% rice husk and was significantly lower by 10.3% for the 20% mushroom sawdust compared to the control. Additionally, the SQI for all the treatments showed no tendency to increase compared with the control. Thus, this study showed the possibility of recycling biomaterials from agriculture and forest for seedling production. This method could reduce environmental problems and help eco-friendly nurseries to achieve a carbon negative impact by the recycling of by-products.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.1 s.84
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• pp.47-50
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• 1998

The cheaper and high-quality media are necessary to produce the year-round mushroom. For low input and high productivity, this experiment was carried out to screen the proper supplementary materials on media among agricultural by-products; bean-curd residues, dried orange peel, chinese drug residues and celery cabbage leaf. Judging by chemico-physicals, the used agricultural by-products was possible for an additives on mushroom media. Bean-curd residues added to media raised the amount of organic matter, nitrogen and carbon. In Pleurotus ostreatus, the conventional media yielded 20 pilus cap, 72g per a bottle, but adding 10 percent bean-curd residues produced 12 pilus cap, 77g and an increase yielded 7%, and 10 percent orange peel took 12 pilus cap and an increase yieled 11%. In Agrocybe aegerita, added to media, except chinese drug residues, increased performance compared with conventional media, produced 98g per a bottle. Especially, the bean-curd residue increase 15 percent in productivity.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.393-403
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• 2018

Bio-aerosols transported by the air have been considered as the major source of dispersal agents that contaminate agricultural products. Unseen fungal spores are known sources of bio-aerosols that harm mushroom and human health during mushroom cultivation. This study was conducted to obtain basic data on the concentration and species distribution of fungi present in the indoor air of oak mushroom cultivation houses in Korea. In 2015 and 2016, we sampled and analyzed indoor airborne fungal spores 21 times from 13 oak mushroom cultivation farms located in six different provinces. The concentration of airborne fungi ranged from $1.30{\times}10^2$ to $1.59{\times}10^4cfu/m^3$. Surprisingly, in 20 sampling cases, the fungal concentration exceeded $500cfu/m^3$, which is recommended as the indoor air quality standard by the Ministry of Environment, Korea. A total of 450 fungi were isolated and identified to belong to 33 genera and 46 species. Among the identified fungi, human pathogens (4 genera and 4 species) and plant pathogens (10 genera and 13 species) were present. In addition, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma atroviride, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, which are detrimental species that affect mushroom health, were found 17 out of 21 sampling times. Our results provide evidence that indoor air quality should be improved for better management of mushroom cultivation houses.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.118-125
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• 2023

We conducted an on-site application study at the livestock cooperative fertilizer plant to compare the composting period, temperature change, moisture content, and chemical properties between livestock manure compost using sawdust as a moisture regulator with those using spent oyster mushroom substrate. The composting period, moisture content, and fertilizer composition of compost containing spent oyster mushroom substrate did not differ from that of conventional compost mixed with sawdust after the first and second fermentation and post-maturation stages, it was suitable as a material for manufacturing livestock manure compost. The spent oyster mushroom substrate also lower the production cost of livestock manure compost by replacing the more expensive sawdust. The developed technology is expected to contribute towards the utilization of by-products of the oyster mushroom harvest while simultaneously producing high quality livestock manure compost.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.915-921
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the recognition, preference of mushrooms and mushroom processed foods among general consumers in order to develop new mushroom processed foods. The questionnaires are consists of general questions, health status, intake frequency of mushrooms, reason for prefer mushrooms, have purchased experience or not of mushroom processed foods and prefer mushroom processed foods to want development by age. A total 1173 questionnaires were analyzed for statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was completes using SPSS Win program (Version 14.0) for descriptive analysis and $X^2$-test. Main results of this study were as follow: Most of respondents prefer mushrooms and 28.5% of the respondents like Pleurotus eryngii most. The most reasons for the prefer mushrooms are freshness. The frequency of intake mushrooms was 6-8 times per months. The most consideration factor in purchasing mushrooms was freshness/hygiene. 55.6% of the respondents had purchasing experience of mushroom processed foods to eat. The most purchased mushroom processed foods were soup and hor cereal. The most consideration factor in purchasing mushroom processed foods was improvement of taste.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.222-227
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• 2023

Mushrooms have a unique taste and aroma, so in the processing of mushroom products with other ingredients, a separate pre-processing step is often taken to eliminate the mushroom aroma. In this study, we analyzed the changes in the concentration of volatile compounds according to drying conditions to promote the activation of processing using the fruiting bodies of yellow oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus citrinopileatus) and pink oyster mushrooms(P. djamor). The caps and stipes of yellow oyster and pink oyster mushrooms were separated and freeze-dried at -70℃ for 120 hours. Subsequently, they were hot air-dried at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70℃ for 24, 24, 16, and 12 hours, respectively. The dried samples were pulverized and quantitatively analyzed by SPME-GC-MS. In the case of yellow oyster mushrooms, the concentration of t-2-nonenal in caps and stipes during freeze-drying was 164.43 ㎍/g d.w. and 174.80 ㎍/g d.w., respectively, whereas during hot air-drying, it significantly decreased to 0.35~3.41 ㎍/g d.w. and 0.98~59.88 ㎍/g d.w. In a similar manner, for pink oyster mushrooms, the concentration of 1-octen-3-ol during freeze-drying in caps and stipes was 31.05 ㎍/g d.w. and 176.17 ㎍/g d.w., respectively, whereas during hot air-drying, it significantly decreased to 1.59~9.66 ㎍/g d.w. and 1.96~15.77 ㎍/g d.w. Furthermore, most volatile compounds showed a tendency to decrease in concentration as the temperature during hot air-drying increased.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 1992

The antimutagenic effects of enzymatic browning reaction products (MEBRPs) of polyphenol compounds (catechol, homocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, pyrogallol) by enzyme extracted from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) were demonstrated through spore rec-assay using B. subtilis $H17(rec^+)$ and $M45(rec^-)$, Ames test using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 and SOS chromotest using E. coli PQ37/plasmid pKM101. In spore rec-assay, the MEBRPs showed antimutagenic effects by decreasing of the inhibition zone induced by MNNG. In Ames test with S-9mix in both TA98 and TA100, all of MEBRPs showed strong antimutagenic effects of about 21 to 99% against mutation by $B({\alpha})P$ and Trp-P-1, as adding $300\;{\mu}l$ of the MEBRPs. In SOS chromotest, MEBRPs showed antimutagenic effects by inhibiting the SOS-inducing function induced by 4NQO and MMC, as increasing in concentration of the MEBRPs. But they did not showed mutagenicity in these bacterial assays.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2020

To replace the sawdust in the growth medium of oyster mushroom to utilize its by-product spent mushroom substrates (SMS) as feed for ruminant, we performed cultivation test using cotton seed hull pellet (CSHP), corn stalk pellet (CSP), corncob (CC), and analyzed the feed chemical properties of those SMS. As a result of cultivation test, CC and CSHP treatment took 27 days for spawn run, 4 days for primordium formation, and 3 days for development fruiting bodies, resulting in a total cultivation period of 34 days. The yield per bottle was 134 g for CC treatment, similar to 130 g for control, while CSHP treatment (112 g) and CSP treatment (68 g) were lower than that of control. The highest biological efficiency (BE) was shown in CC treatment as 80.1%, which was 11.4% higher than 68.7% of control. The SMS of CC treatment had a relatively low content of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, and in particular, lignin content was the lowest and crude protein content was the highest among other treatments. Therefore, CC as a substitute material for sawdust was capable of stable mushroom production and excellent nutritional value as a feed for its by-products.