• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2020

Background: Prolonged standing during work causes a lower extremity pain and disorders. Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the common diagnoses of the knee pain. Although the etiology of PFPS is not completely understood, it is considered to be multifactorial. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate difference in strength of knee muscles, quadriceps:hamstring muscles strength ratio (Q:H ratio), asymmetry ratio of knee muscles strength and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) between standing workers with and without PFPS. Methods: Twenty-eight standing workers with PFPS and 26 age-, height-, and weight-matched standing workers without PFPS participated in this study. A tension sensor measured knee muscle strength, and motion sensor measured dorsiflexion ROM. The asymmetry ratio of knee muscles was calculated by a specific formula using the knee muscles strength of the dominant side and the sound side. An independent t-test was used to identify significant differences in the strength, ROM, Q:H ratio, and asymmetry ratio between the PFPS and normal groups. Results: The standing worker with PFPS have significantly lower dorsiflexion ROM (p < 0.000) and higher asymmetry ratio of the hamstring muscles strength (p < 0.000) compare to the standing worker without PFPS. No significant differences were seen in the strength of quadriceps muscle and hamstring muscles, Q:H ratio, and asymmetry ratio of quadriceps muscle strength. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the asymmetry ratio of the isometric hamstring muscle strength. This finding suggests that the asymmetry ratio of isometric hamstring muscle strength may be more important than measuring only the hamstring muscle strength of the PFPS side. Furthermore, the results of this study showed a significant difference in dorsiflexion ROM between the standing industrial workers with and without PFPS. Dorsiflexion ROM and isometric hamstring muscle strength should be considered when evaluating the subjects with PFPS.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.49-55
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• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cross bag weight and carrying bag position type on vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscle activity ratio during step up. Method : Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study. subjects randomized performed step up with bag weight less than 15%, more than 15% of totalbody weight and without bag and carrying bag position ipsilateral and contralateral. muscle activity was measured with surface electromyography. One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used with a significance level of 0.05 Result : The results of this study were as follows: 1. The muscle activity ratio decreased significantly ipsilateral bag position more than 15% of body weight(p<.05). Also, the muscle activity ratio increased significantly contra lateral bag position more than 15% of body weight(p<.05). Conclusion : In conclusion, it was found that applied carrying bag position with weight on VMO,VL muscle activity ratio during step up down. Therefore carrying bag position can be used to selective activate vastus medialis oblique muscle in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the correlation between the asymmetric ratio of occlusal force of the temporomandibular joint and the thickness of the middle scalene muscle. Methods: The study measured the occlusal force of the right and left temporomandibular joints in 30 subjects (12 males and 18 females). Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to examine the effect of occlusal force on the asymmetric ratio of the thickness of their middle scalene muscles by measuring the force using ultrasound after the break. Results: The correlation between the asymmetric ratio of occlusal force and muscle thickness is 0.41, according to Pearson's correlation coefficient. Therefore, the result shows a moderate correlation with the asymmetric ratio of the temporomandibular joint depending on differences in the thickness of the middle scalene muscle. Conclusion: Based on the above results, the asymmetric ratio of occlusal force was found to correlate with the thickness of the middle scalene muscle. Thus, therapeutic intervention is required for the middle scalene muscle in the case of temporomandibular joint disorder.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.478-488
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• 1999

The contents of histidine dipeptides, a metabolic products of muscle protein, were investigated to compare muscle composition among the 9 domestic animals including cattle. In major domestic animals, analyzed the effects of age, part and sex of the animals on their muscle composition. Large amounts of carnosine($68.63{\pm}17.41{\mu}mol/g$) were detected in cattle and it was higher than other animals. Whereas the content of anserine showed high level in order of turkey, chickens and duck. The ratio of carnosine and anserine(C/A ratio) was different depending on the animal species. Statistical data indicated that difference among species was significant(p < 0.05). The contents of histidine dipeptides in heated muscle by boiling for 40 minutes at $110^{\circ}C$ was similar to thoes of raw muscle. C/A ratio in heated muscle was not different from that of raw muscle, indicating that no change has been made after heating process. The contents of carnosine and anserine were different according to the parts of their muscle. Especially chuck of the mammalian showed extremely low level of histidine dipeptides compared with other parts, while C/A ratio maintained certain level regardless of age, part, sex. Therefore, based on the content of histidine dipeptides, could be found the difference of muscle composition among the species. Also C/A ratio of horse, pig, cattle, duck, sheep and turkey were characteristic respectively.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.2071-2076
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• 2020

Background: Based on the understanding of the muscle activation relationship between the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles to according to the angle of motion during external rotation on glenohumeral joint, effective shoulder joint strengthening exercise for the prevention and rehabilitation of shoulder injury due to muscle strength imbalance can be performed by achieving the ideal muscle activity ratio during exercise. Objectives: To compare and analyze the muscle activation changes and activity ratio of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles according to the glenohumeral external rotation angle. Design: Quasi-randomized trial. Methods: The study included 48 healthy male and female adults who provided informed consent for participation in the study. All the subjects performed isometric glenohumeral external rotation by setting the angle of motion to 30°, 45°, and 60° using a 5 kg resistance weight pulley. On surface electromyography, the differences in muscle activation and activity ratio between the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles were investigated. Results: A significant difference in muscle activation was found in the comparison between the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles according to the glenohumeral external rotation angle (P<.05). The muscle activation levels of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles were highest at the external rotation angles of 30° and 60°, respectively. The muscle activity ratio between the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles also showed a significant difference (P<.05) and was highest at the shoulder external rotation angle of 30°. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that muscle activity is the highest at the shoulder external rotation angle of 30° in healthy individuals.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.59-71
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• 2023

Background: This study was to investigate the effects of coordinative locomotor training(CLT) using elastic bands on pain, dynamic balance, muscle strength, and muscle activity of female college students with patellofemoral pain syndrome(PFPS). Design: Randomized Controlled Trial Methods: Twenty-six female college students with PFPS were assigned randomly to an experimental(n=13) or control(n=13) group. The experimental group performed CLT using an elastic band. The control group performed squat exercises to strengthen muscle strength. The 30-minute inter- vention was applied a total of twelve times, three times a week for four weeks. All subjects measured the pain, the muscle strength, the dynamic balance, and the muscle activity(VL/VM ratio) before and after intervention. A paired t-test was used for the determination of differences before and after treatment, and an independent t-test was used for the determination of differences between treatment groups. Results: As a result of comparison within groups, the experimental group showed significant differences in pain, muscle strength, dynamic balance, and VL/VM ratio after the experiment(p<0.05), and the control group showed significant differences in pain, muscle strength, and dynamic balance after the experiment(p<0.05). In comparison between the two groups, the experimental group showed more significant differences in pain, dynamic balance, and VL/VM ratio than the control group(p<0.05), and the control group showed more significant differences in muscle strength than the experimental group(p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, CLT using elastic bands effectively improved the pain, muscle strength, dynamic balance, and VL/VM ratio of female college students with PFPS.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was performed to find the correlation between moire topography and muscle development ratio of both lower limbs. Methods : 88-general persons who examed general health checkup were enrolled this study. Who coincided the exclusion criteria were left out. The authors practiced Moire Topography by using IBS-2000 and measured difference of contour line and interval between vertical base line of neck and pelvis. We made use of X-SCAN to analyse body component and calculate muscle development ratio of both lower limbs. Results : In this study, we found out that the more interval between vertical base line of neck and pelvis grown large, the more muscle development ratio of both lower limbs got small. So, there was correlation between imbalance of the dorsum muscle and muscle development ratio of both lower limbs.(p>0.05). But others did not have. Conclusion : According to this results, we found out there was correlation between imbalance of lumbar and gluteal region and muscle development ratio of both lower limbs. Apply to clinic, we are able to improve the efficacy of diagnosis and medical treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.489-500
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• 1999

The fatty acid composition of muscle were investigated to compare muscle composition among the 9 domestic animals including cattle. In major domestic animals, analyzed the effects of age, part and sex of the animal on their fatty acid composition. The content of 4 types of major fatty acids of muscle was determined and calculated their ratio. Myristic acid and palmitic acid levels were high in chicken and sheep. Besides dog muscle contained a lot of stearic acid. Linoleic acid content showed evident difference in the content depending on the animal species. The ratios of linoleic acid/palmitic acid (L/P ratio) and linoleic acid/stearic acid(L/S ratio) were characteristically high in horse and pig, whereas the ratio of palmitic acid/stearic acid(P/S ratio) was $0.71{\pm}0.17$, showing very low level in dog. As for the content of stearic acid, in cattle and chicken it was higher in young animal than adults. In duck, the contents of all fatty acids and ratio were increased by the age. As for the content of fatty acids according to the part of chicken, high level was shown in thigh than in breast and wing, while there was no remarkable variation by the part in other animal. The differences in the content of myristic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid among some animal could be verified in muscle lipid composition. The L/P ratio which maintained certain level regardless of age, part, sex shown distinctive pattern between the species.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.333-339
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• 2012

Freezing of gait is a severely problem in people with Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle activities of adductor longus, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior using Noraxon 8 channels EMG system during stop task in patients with Parkinson's disease. Seven parkinson's patients and age matched normal participants were recruited in the study. Filtered EMG signals were rectified, smoothed and integrated. To control for the altered timing and magnitude of activity, iEMG was normalized for time and peak value. The results indicated that the patients with Parkinson showed decreased gait cycle, stance phase, swing phase time, swing phase time ratio and increased stance phase time ratio than normal participants. The patients with Parkinson showed decreased gastrocnemius muscle activity time ratio, while increased tibialis anterior muscle activity time ratio than normal participants. During stance phase before stop, the patients with Parkinson showed relatively lower average and peak iEMG in anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius muscle than normal participants. During swing phase before stop, the patients with Parkinson showed relatively higher average iEMG in gastrocnemius muscle than normal participants. During stop phase, the patients with Parkinson showed relatively lower average and peak iEMG in anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius muscle than normal participants.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.304-310
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate effective cueing methods for selective muscle activation of gluteus medius muscles. Design: Cross sectional study design. Methods: Using the inclusion criteria for this study, 20 healthy adults, both males and females were selected for the measurement of muscle activation of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia latae muscles while performing clamshell exercise, basic movements in leg raise in side-lying, and 3 different cueing methods. Electromyogram was used to measure muscle activation, and both muscle activation and muscle ratio were compared during the basic movements and different cueing methods. Results: Gluteus medius activation was highest using "try not to make your body rotate" (cueing method 2) in both clamshell exercise and leg raise side-lying (F=5.533, p<0.05, F=7.771, p<0.05), and muscle ratio was highest in clamshell exercise using cueing method 2 (p<0.05) and "don't move your tensor fascia late" (cueing method 1) in leg raise side-lying (p<0.05). This study showed that cueing method 1 in leg raise side-lying and cueing method 2 in clamshell exercise were the most effective cueing methods for selective muscle activation of gluteus medius muscle. Conclusions: The results of this study may be used as basic information for future studies on muscle activation and muscle ratio for different cueing methods and different muscles in various exercises.