• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2017

Background: The serratus anterior (SA) muscle is one of the important muscles in the upward rotation of the scapula when the arm is raised. Insufficient muscle activity of the SA can cause deformation of the shoulder rhythm resulting in shoulder pathology. Objects: This study intends to compare SA and upper trapezius (UT) activity during the conventional wall-slide and push-up plus exercises for SA muscle strengthening and the scapular upward rotation (SUR) exercise. Methods: A total of 30 subjects participated in this study, and we measured the muscle activity of the SA and UT muscles during the wall-slide, push-up plus and SUR exercises. The one-way repeated ANOVA was used to compare SA and UT muscle activities during the 3 exercises. Results: During the SUR exercise, SA muscle activity was 79.88% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), which was significantly higher than its activity during the other 2 exercises. The UT muscle activity was 47.53 %MVIC during the SUR exercise, indicating a significantly higher UT muscle activity than during the other 2 exercises. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the SUR exercise can maximize SA muscle activity to strengthen the SA while keeping UT muscle activity at an appropriate level.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.405-412
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the trunk muscle activity on bridging exercise according to the knee joint angle. Methods : Twenty-five healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete following four bridging exercises; knee joint flexion $120^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$. Surface electromyography from selected trunk muscles was normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Muscle activity was measured by QEMG-4 system(LXM 3204, Laxtha Korea). A repeated measures of one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni's correction was used to determine the influence of bridging exercise on muscle activity for each muscle and descriptive statistics was used to determine local/global muscle ratio. Results : The internal oblique of bridging exercises $120^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ showed significantly(p<.05). The erctor spinae of all bridging exercises showed significant excepted between $60^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$(p<.05). Median of internal oblique/rectus abdominis ratio of $120^{\circ}$ was 4.41, $90^{\circ}$ was 3.94, $60^{\circ}$ was 3.58, $45^{\circ}$ was 3.39. Median of internal oblique/external oblique ratio of $120^{\circ}$ was 2.66, $90^{\circ}$ was 2.43, $60^{\circ}$ was 2.87, $45^{\circ}$ was 2.64. Conclusion : Angular motion decreasing with knee joint flexion made erector spinae activation increase. on the other hand, as decreasing abdomen muscle activation, the more performing motor learning is required for abdomen muscle strength and co-contraction for the trunk stabilization.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in elastic properties of tendon structure of human ankle dorsiflexor following eccentric exercise. Six male subjects(age: $27.3{\pm}2.0$ years, height: $180.3{\pm}1.4$ cm, weight: $82.6{\pm}5.3$ kg) and three female subjects(age: $26.7{\pm}2.9$ years, height: $170.0{\pm}4.2$ cm, weight: $66.6{\pm}1.4$ kg) performed a single bout eccentric exercise consisting of 120 repetitions of maximum eccentric contractions. Prior to and following the eccentric exercise, isometric ankle dorsiflexion strength along with longitudinal ultrasound image of the tibialis anterior(TA) were collected. Muscle strength decreased about 30% after eccentric exercise. From the muscle strength vs. aponeurosis elongation curve, we obtained an index of stiffness. Stiffness of deep aponeurosis of the TA was assessed and found to be decreased from $87.4{\pm}33.56$ N/mm to $73.1{\pm}23.52$ N/mm. The results of this study suggest that decrease in stiffness of the TA aponeurosis following eccentric exercise might have significant implications to functions of the muscle-tendon complex and the involved joint motion and provide better understanding of eccentric exercise in the fields of training and rehabilitation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate correlations between the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), pain, and performance ability in professional fencing players. Methods: Fifty-six athletes participated in this study. The pain group included those who had a score on a pain-related Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of ${\geq}$20 and an Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score ${\geq}$10). In the non-pain group, these scores were: VAS(<20), ODI(<10). The VAS and ODI were used to measure pain throughout the study. Performance ability included motor function of the lower extremities (as assessed by a Modified Functional Index Questionnaire, MFIQ), dynamic balance (Balance system, BS and Posture med, PM), flexor and extensor muscle strength of the lumbar region was recorded as maximal isometric strength. Results: Among athletes who had pain, 5 of 15(33.33%) showed impaired functional movement. Conversely, only 2 of 41(4.88%) of those who had no pain showed such impairment (FMS ${\leq}$14score). The athletes who had pain and who had an FMS score above 14 (10/56; 17.86%) showed a significantly higher score for extensor muscle strength of the lumbar compared with those with pain and an FMS score below 14 (5/56; 8.93%) were significant correlations between the FMS and pain (r=-0.40 to -0.42, p<0.01), the MFIQ (r=-0.33, p<0.05), dynamic balance (r=-0.27 to -0.40, p<0.05-0.01), muscle strength of the lumbar (r=0.27 to 0.29, p<0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the dynamic balance score (${\beta}{\beta}$=-0.41) had slightly more power in predicting FMS score than pain, motor function of lower extremity, or muscle strength. Conclusion: The FMS was significantly associated with values of pain, motor function of the lower extremities, dynamic balance, and muscle strength of the lumbar. However the FMS appears to lack relevance and reasonable evidence to suggest that it is an acceptable measurement tool for functional movement analysis.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2021

Background: Studies suggest that induced emotional changes can affect the sensory-motor system involved in the practice of muscle activity and movement in physical aspects. Previous studies have shown focused on effects just feedback on muscle activity associated with emotions but rarely have focused induced emotional change on gross motor function such as muscle activity. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare biceps activity and emotion that before and after viewing a video was induced positive or negative emotion. Methods: The study enrolled 34 healthy male and female who scored at normal points on the Center for Epidermiological Studies-Depression Scale. The study measured over two weeks, showing subjects pleasant and sad videos one by one in a week. We performed to measure the biceps brachii activity which is maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and the visual analog mood scale (VAMS) scores before and after one week. The significance level was set to α = 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in muscle activity of the biceps brachii before and after each video was viewed (p > 0.05). However, the visual analogue mood scale showed an increase in VAMS after viewing each video (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We figured out induced emotional changes are cause actual emotional changes but there are no differences in muscle activity. In this research, watching the video with a short time looks like insufficient to change muscle activity. Nevertheless, there might be different when we check various muscles with sufficient time for viewing the video. Further study is needed to measure a variety of muscles with more time for viewing the video.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2007

This study is aimed at determining the effects of rehabilitation training on lumbar extension strength and relief of back pain in middle-aged women of low back pain. Twenty-nine subjects(total 29 people; CLBP 16, HLD 13) were trained twice per week for eight weeks and completed a maximum isometric test at various flexion angle(the degree of $0^{\circ}$, $12^{\circ}$, $24^{\circ}$, $36^{\icrc}$, $48^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $72^{\circ}$) by lumbar extension machine. The result showed that. 1. Patient group of CLBP were increased the maximum lumbar extension strength at a range of 7 flexion angles after rehabilitation rather than no rehabilitation(on the average 60.75%). The operated patient group in HLD also showed an increase of 56.55%. In view of these cases, all of two groups showed a significant increase of muscle strength(p<.05). But there is no difference between pre-exercise and post-exercise groups. 2. Patient group of CLBP were increased higher rate than 41% for maximum lumbar extension strength(91.79% at $0^{\circ}$, 79.41% at $12^{\circ}$, 65.89% at $24^{\circ}$) at all angles after 8 weeks training. Both groups indicated a significant increase(p<.05) of lumbar extension strength at all degrees. There is no difference between pre-exercise and post-exercise groups. 3. Relief of back pain in Patient group of CLBP showed a decrease of average 105.2% and patient group of HLD indicated a decrease of average 64.57% two groups showed a significant reduction (p<.05, p<.05). But in case of a decrease of pain, CLBP group got 3.44 points and HLD group got 4.77 points. In view of these results, two groups showed remarkable reduction of back pain, however HLD group had residual pain relatively.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the lower extremity muscle activity on bridging exercise according to the knee joint angle. Methods : Twenty-five healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete following four bridging exercises; knee joint flexion $120^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$. Surface electromyography from selected lower extremity muscles was normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Muscle activity was measured by QEMG-4 system (LXM 3204, Laxtha Korea). A repeated measures of one-way ANOVA was used to determine the influence of bridging exercise on muscle activity for each muscle and descriptive statistics was used to determine muscle ratio. Results : The biceps femoris of all bridging exercises showed significantly(p<.05). The vastus medialis and lateralis of all bridging exercises showed significant excepted $120^{\circ}$(p<.05). The rectus femoris of all bridging exercises showed no significant. Median of vastus medialis/rectus femoris ratio of $120^{\circ}$ was 2.03, $90^{\circ}$ was 2.16, $60^{\circ}$ was 2.67, $45^{\circ}$ was 4.10. Median of vastus lateralis/rectus femoris ratio of $120^{\circ}$ was 1.70, $90^{\circ}$ was 1.70, $60^{\circ}$ was 2.08, $45^{\circ}$ was 2.58. Median of vastus medialis/vastus lateralis ratio of $120^{\circ}$ was 1.26, $90^{\circ}$ was 1.50, $60^{\circ}$ was 1.52, $45^{\circ}$ was 1.47. Conclusion : Angular motion decreasing with knee joint flexion made increase biceps femoris and vastus medialis activation. This result will be use knee joint stabilizing exercises during bridging or unstable surface training and biceps femoris strength training.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.484-489
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• 2004

인공관절은 21세기 정형외과 발전의 주요변화들 중의 하나이다. 1997년이래 전 세계적으로 무릎인공관절(Total Knee Arthroplasty: TKA)을 사용하는 사람들이 해마다 약 600,000명씩 증가하고 있는 추세이고 미국에서만 인공관절을 사용하고 있는 사람들이 210,000명에 달하고 있으며 그 시장은 대략 $5 billion을 넘고 있다(7). 무릎인공관절은 일상생활에서 의자에 앉았다 일어날 때 계단을 올라 갈 때 등, 무릎의 근 모멘트가 적당한 활동을 해서 무릎관절 근육에 지레와 같은 작용을 하게 하고, 완전한 무릎으로 정상인의 무릎과 같은 기능을 오랫동안 유지하게 한다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 무릎인공관절 디자인 시 정상적인 무릎 회전축(normal knee's axes of rotation)들의 정확한 위치를 파악하는 것은 중요하다. 인공관절 수술 후 무릎관절의 신전과 굴곡 운동을 하는 동안 하나의 회전축(single-axes)을 가진 하나의 회전 반경(single-radius)을 알아보는 것은 여러 축(multi-axes)으로 움직이게 된다는 다축 회전반경(multi-radius)을 분석하기에 앞서 중요한 연구이다. 따라서 본 연구에 서는 무릎이 신전운동과 굴곡 운동 시 신전과 굴곡 모멘트를 만들어내는 대퇴 사두근(quadriceps muscle)과 무릎 오금근 (hamstring)의 역할을 알아보았고, 또한 모멘트와 대퇴 사두근의 iEMG 형태를 파악하였다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 무릎인공관절 수술을 받고 1년과 3년이 지난 정상적인 생활을 하는 피검자(1년2명, 3년2명)를 대상으로 Isometric 테스트를 위한 KIN-COM III을 사용하여 60$^\circ$, 30$^\circ$의 무릎굴곡 측정을 하였고, Isokinetic concentric 테스트를 위해서 무릎굴곡각도의 $10^\circ$-80$^\circ$까지 움직임을 측정하였다 또한 15$^\circ$-75$^\circ$까지의 신전운동(sit-to-stand movement)과 굴곡운동(stand-to-sit movement)을 실시하여 시간의 차이, 내전과 외전의 차이 그리고 iEMG의 차이를 알아보았다. 본 연구의 데이터는 여러 번의 실험을 통하여 가장 일반적인 수치를 사용하였다. 이 때 16-channel BTS TELEMG를 사용하여 대퇴사두근과 무릎오금근의 근육활동모양을 알아보았다. 본 연구결과는 시술 후 3년이 지나면서 TKR (Total Knee Replacement)의 대퇴 사두근 토큐가 약해지는 것으로 나타났고, iEMG 실험에서는 N-TKR (Non-Total Knee Replacement)의 대퇴 사두근이 TKR의 대퇴 사두근 보다 근 수축력이 더 크게 발휘되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 단축회전반경의 굴곡과 신전의 $10^\circ$-80$^\circ$까지의 각 속도는 굴곡동작이 1.19s, 신전 동작이 1.68s로 나타났다. 굴곡과 신전동작에서 다리의 외전(abduction)의 각도변화는 굴곡 시 5.5$^\circ$, 신전 시 5.2$^\circ$로 나타났고, 내전(adduction)의 각도변화는 굴곡 시 7.2$^\circ$, 신전 시 6.1$^\circ$로 나타났다. 대퇴 사두근의 iEMG변화에서는 15$^\circ$-60$^\circ$까지 vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF) 모두 굴곡동작에서 큰 값으로 나타났고, 61$^\circ$-75$^\circ$사이에서는 신전동작에서 iEMG가 큰 값으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과들은 인공관절 수술자들의 다축회전 반경을 분석하기에 앞서 중요한 선행연구가 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.109-128
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• 2003

This study tested whether repeated measurement of median frequency (MDF)-related variables could express the muscle power changes during a 12-week DeLome strengthening program, by using consecutive overlapping FFT (Fast Fourier transformation) and integrated EMG (IEMG) from surface EMG data for isometric and isotonic exercise. To evaluate the effect of training, the following were recorded every 3 weeks for the elbow flexors and knee extensors of 5 healthy male volunteers: MVC, lRM, limb circumference, and surface EMG during isometric MVC or isotonic contraction at 10RM load. From the EMG data, IEMG and variables from a regression analysis between MDF and time were obtained. MVC, lRM, IEMG, and initial MDF increased linearly over the training period. The fatigue index and slope of the regression line increased temporarily until the 6th week and decreased thereafter. From these results, there appeared to be enhanced neural recruitment of fast twitch fibers in the first 6 weeks and continued enhancement in the recruitment and hypertrophy of fast twitch fibers, which led to increased fatigue resistance, over the last 6 weeks. Accordingly, the MDF and IEMG analysis technique could demonstrate the effect of the program detected significant changes in both isometric and isotonic contractions. EMG analysis methods can be used to estimate the electrophysiological and histological changes in skeletal muscles during a strengthening program.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2001

The twenty one individuals with total knee replacement who were admitted to Kang-Dong Hospital for comprehensive physical therapy were studied in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of an isokinetic test program using the Cybex 6000 machine. The subjects were divided into three groups with the isometric exercise group receiving isometric exercise. the isokinetic eccentric exercise group, and isokinetic eccentric exorcise group receiving isokinetic exercise(eccentric. concentric) to knee flexors and extensors muscles for a six weeks period using the Cybex 6000. The results were follow :1 . The peak torque was increased significantly in the flexors and extensors of the isokinetic conccentric exorcise among three groups(p<.05). 2. The progress of peak torque was increased significantly in the flexors and extensors of the isokinetic conccentric exercise among three groups(p<.05). 3. The total work was more increased significantly in the flexors and extensors of the isokinetic conccentric exercise among three groups(p<.05). 4. The progress of total work was more increased significantly in the flexors and extensors of the isokinetic conccentric exercise among three groups(p<;.05). 5. The ratio of endurance was not increased significantly in all three groups. 6. The extensors in the peak torque was likely to recover rapidly than the flexors. 7.The average R.O.M in the pre-exercise and post-exercise was not different significantly in all three groups. According to the above results, In the muscle strength recovery for total knee replacement patients, isokinetic concentric exercise group was significantly greater than the isokinetic eccentric and isometric exercise groups after a six weeks training.