• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.672-678
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• 2008

This paper proposes a new rehabilitation robot with upper and lower limb connections for gait training. As humans change a walking speed, their nervous systems adapt muscle activation patterns to modify arm swing for the appropriate frequency. By analyzing this property, we can find a relation between arm swinging and lower limb motions. Thus, the lower limb motion can be controlled by the arm swing for walking speed adaptation according to a patent's intension. This paper deals with the design aspects of the suggested gait rehabilitation robot, including a trajectory planning and a control strategy. The suggested robot is mainly composed of upper limb and lower limb devices, a body support system. The lower limb device consists of a slider device and two 2-dof footpads to allow walking training at uneven and various terrains. The upper limb device consists of an arm swing handle and switches to use as a user input device for walking. The body support system will partially support a patient's weight to allow the upper limb motions. Finally, we showed simulation results for the designed trajectory and controller using a dynamic simulation tool.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different shoe-heel heights on the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) during treadmill walking in female patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP). Nineteen women with PFP participated in this research. EMG signals were recorded from the VM and VL of both sides and were compared during the treadmill walking. The subjects walked on a treadmill wearing shoes of three different heel heights: 1 cm, 3 cm and 7 cm. Each subject walked on a treadmill for five minutes at a speed of 2 km/hour with three minutes resting intervals between consecutive trials. The data were analyzed by one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. The results of the present study indicate that EMG data of the VM and VL of female patients with PFP did improve with an increase in the height of the shoe heel, which were statistically significant. Additionally, the EMG activity of VM increased more dramatically than that of VL associated with the task of walking with high-heeled shoes on the treadmill. This study suggests that the type of high-heeled shoes is related to the VM and VL muscle activation patterns contributing to knee joint pathologies in female patients with PFP.

• 재활복지공학회논문지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 공압 액추에이터를 이용하여 보다 안전하고 편리하게 사용자가 원하는 맞춤형 운동 프로그램을 선택할 수 있는 공압용 슬관절 운동시스템을 개발하였고, 재활운동 시 운동효과에 대한 유효성을 검증하고자 한다. 피험자는 평소 운동을 주 1회 이하로 실시하며 슬관절 신전과 굴곡에 이상이 없는 대학생 수준의 20대 남녀 10명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 실험방법은 기존의 유압식 슬관절 운동장비와 개발된 운동시스템을 이용하여 하루 12회씩 3세트의 슬관절 신전 및 굴곡운동을 실시하고, 주 3회 실시하며 실험은 총 4주간 반복되었다. 운동부하 프로그램은 유압식의 수동형 운동부하와 본 연구에서 개발된 시스템의 능동형 운동부하로 나누어 제공하였다. 운동부하 프로그램에 따른 실시간 근육활성 패턴과 운동 전 후 근육활성도를 비교함으로써 재활운동에 대한 운동효과를 검증하였다. 실험결과 수동형 운동부하보다 능동형 운동부하에 보다 높은 근육활성도를 이끌어 냈으며 운동 4주 후 더 큰 근력증진 효과를 나타냈다. 장비 중심의 운동부하 보다 사용자 중심의 운동부하가 더 효과적으로 근력을 증진할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 향후 재활환자나 노약자들에게 안전하고 효율적인 재활운동프로그램으로 활용 될 것이며 또한 재활장비에 적용되어 재활치료관련 종사자들에게 보다 쉽고 편리한 재활운동처방이 가능할 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Background: Winged scapular (WS) causes muscle imbalance with abnormal patterns when moving the arm. In particular, the over-activation of the upper trapezius (UT) and decrease in activity of the lower trapezius (LT) and serratus anterior (SA) produce abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm. Therefore, the SA requires special attention in all shoulder rehabilitation programs. In fact, many previous studies have been devoted to the SA muscle strength training needed for WS correction. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shoulder girdle muscle and ratio according to the angle of shoulder abduction and external weight in supine position. Methods: Twenty three WS patients participated in this experiment. They performed scapular protraction exercise in supine position with the weights of 0 kg, 1 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2 kg at shoulder abduction angles of $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$. The angle and weight applications were randomized. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to collect the EMG data of the SA, pectoralis major (PM), and UT during the exercise. The ratio of PM/SA and UT/SA was confirmed. Two-way repeated analyses of variance were used to determine the statistical significance of SA, PM, and UT and the ratios of PM/SA and UT/SA. Results: There was a significant difference in SA according to angle (p<.05). Significant differences were also identified depending on the angle and weight (p<.05). The angle of abduction at $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$ and weight of 2 kg showed the highest SA activity. However, there was no significant difference between PM and UT (p>.05). There was a significant difference between PM/SA and UT/SA in ratio of muscle activity according to angle (p<.05). Significant differences were found at PM/SA angles of $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ (p<.05). For UT/SA, significant difference was only observed at $90^{\circ}$ (p<.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, in order to strengthen the SA, it was found to be most effective to use 1 and 1.5 kg weights with abduction angles of $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ at shoulder protraction in supine position.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2009

효과적인 재활 시스템을 구상하는데 있어서 훈련 데이터의 정교한 분석은 다음 단계 훈련을 위한 피드백 자료로서 매우 중요하다. 현재 다양한 생체 역학적 실험을 통해 인간의 운동 능력을 평가하고 이로부터 생성된 데이터의 분석을 위한 객관적이고 신뢰성 있는 연구결과들이 발표되고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 기존 연구들은 기초 통계적인 방법에 근거한 정량분석만을 수행함으로써, 획득된 정보를 임상에 적용 하는데 있어서는 충분한 신뢰성을 보장할 수 없다. 데이터마이닝은 대용량 데이터에 들어있는 숨겨진 규칙과 패턴을 탐사함으로써 임상 데이터에 숨어있는 의미 있는 정보추출에 성공적으로 사용되고 있으며, 특히 임상 연구 분야에서는 훌륭한 의사 결정 지원 시스템으로서 점점 그 사용이 증가되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 신뢰성 있는 자세 제어 능력(Postural control ability) 평가를 위해서 측정된 훈련 데이터에 가중연관규칙 탐사를 적용하여 자세 훈련 유형에 따른 근육 활성 패턴과의 연관성을 분석, 효율적인 재활 훈련 규칙을 탐사하였다. 탐사된 규칙은 재활 및 임상 전문가의 의사결정에 더욱 정성적이고 유용한 선험적 지식으로 사용 될 수 있으며, 이를 근거로 환자 맞춤형 최적의 재활 훈련 모델을 구상하기 위한 지표로서 사용될 수 있다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.34-42
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• 2008

This study aimed to examine whether McConnell taping for deltoid inhibition affects the Electromyographic (EMG) activity of shoulder girdle muscles during arm elevation. Ten young healthy men were randomly assigned to an experimental and control groups of five men each. For the experimental group, we performed taping for deltoid inhibition on the skin over anterior and posterior deltoids with non-elastic specific tape, and sham-taping with non-elastic under-tape for the control group. Surface EMG measurements were performed three times (before, during and after the tapings) at upper and lower trapezius, mid-deltoid, and serratus anterior muscles while elevating dominant aim with loading and unloading conditions. In deltoid inhibition taping group, there were significant differences in EMG activity of mid-deltoid (p<.05) and serratus anterior (p<.05) muscles during arm elevation with loading. During arm elevation without loading, the EMG activity was significantly decreased for MD in the McConnell taping group (p<.05). The findings indicate that deltoid inhibition taping can modify the activation patterns in shoulder girdle muscles as well as in deltoid muscle. in clinical setting. it may be effectively used for the management of patients with shoulder dysfunction.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1999

Background & Objectives : In cerebral palsy, spastic paraplegia is one of the most crippling motor manifestations. Reducing the spasticity may improve gait and decrease the incidence of lower-extremity deformities. The spasticity may result from abnormally increased afferent signals via dorsal roots onto interneurons and anterior horn and spreading of reflex activation to other muscle groups. To assess the influence of dorsal rhizotomy to spasticity, the authors analyzed five cerebral palsy patients with spastic paraplegia. Methods : The operation entailed and L1-2 laminectomy, ultrasonographic localization of conus medullaris and identification of lumbosacral dorsal roots. The innervation patterns of each dorsal root were examined by electromyography (EMG) responses to electrical stimulation. Tetanic stimulation was applied to individual rootlets of each root after reflex threshold was determined. the reflex responses were graded and rootlets producing high grade response were selected and cut. Short-term postoperative evaluations were performed. Results : Intraoperative EMG monitoring was satisfactorily performed in all five cases. One month after the operations, all patients showed greatly reduced spasticity which was measured by the instrumental gait analysis. Bilateral knee and ankle jerks were normalized and tip-toe gait with scissoring disappeared in all patients. Conclusion : Intraoperative EMG monitoring seems useful for the selective dorsal rhizotomy to reduce spasticity.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.12-15
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• 2002

Background : Changes in firing pattern and in the recruitment order of single motor unit(MU) have been claimed to be characteristic of central motor lesions, and a reduced firing rate was found in upper motor neuron lesions. But these findings have been rarely studied before in Korea, so we studied initial MU recruitment pattern in stroke patients with hemiparesis. Methods : We studied six patients(3 men and 3 women) whose mean age was $60.6{\pm}7.4$ years. A mean $20.6{\pm}16.2$ months had elapsed since the stroke. To compare the initial MU activation patterns in proximal and distal segments of paretic limb with their contalateral unaffected counterparts, we studied the onset and recruitment intervals in biceps brachii(BB) and first dorsal interossei(FDI) muscles in paretic and healthy arms. In a single muscle we examined from 5 to 10 individual MUs. And in a single motor unit, both the onset interval and the recruitment interval was examined. Results : The mean onset interval in paretic limb was significantly(p<0.05) longer than unaffected limb at proximal and distal location: BB $118.5{\pm}17.8$ msec vs $96.1{\pm}8.3$ msec(n=58); FDI $125.8{\pm}16.7$ msec vs $101.5{\pm}17.2$ msec(n=38). The mean recruitment interval in paretic limb was also significantly(p<0.05) longer than unaffected limb: BB $87.7{\pm}14.9$ msec vs $73.4{\pm}11.5$ msec(n=53); FDI $96.3{\pm}16.4$ msec vs $87.7{\pm}14.1$ msec(n=38). Conclusion : The first recruited MU had a lower baseline firing rate and the second recruited motor unit potential appeared earlier in paretic than in healthy muscles. And these findings may explain one of the reasons for paresis in patients with stroke.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the pelvic compression belt (PCB) on the electromyography (EMG) activities of trunk muscles during sit-to-stand (SitTS), and stand-to-sit (StandTS) tasks. Twenty healthy subjects (7 men and 13 women) were recruited for this study. The subjects performed SitTS, and StandTS tasks, with and without a PCB. Surface EMG was used to record activity of the internal oblique (IO), external oblique (EO), rectus abdominis (RA), erector spinae (ES), and multifidus (MF) of the dominant limb. EMG activity significantly decreased in the RA (without the PCB, $8.34{\pm}6.04$ %maximal voluntary isometric contraction [%MVIC]; with the PCB, $7.64{\pm}5.11$ %MVIC), EO (without the PCB, $14.83{\pm}11.82$ %MVIC; with the PCB, $11.98{\pm}7.60$ %MVIC), MF (without the PCB, $21.74{\pm}7.76$ %MVIC; with the PCB, $18.50{\pm}8.04$ %MVIC), and ES (without the PCB, $18.39{\pm}7.16$ %MVIC; with the PCB, $16.63{\pm}6.31$ %MVIC) during the SitTS task and in the IO (without the PCB, $20.58{\pm}15.60$ %MVIC; with the PCB, $17.27{\pm}12.32$ %MVIlC), RA (without the PCB, $8.04{\pm}5.68$ %MVIC; with the PCB, $7.40{\pm}4.71$ %MVIC), EO (without the PCB, $13.29{\pm}8.80$ %MVIC; with the PCB, $11.24{\pm}6.14$ %MVIC), MF (without the PCB, $18.59{\pm}7.64$ %MVIC; with the PCB, $15.86{\pm}6.48$ %MVIC), and ES (without the PCB, $17.14{\pm}6.44$ %MVIC; with the PCB, $15.46{\pm}5.62$ %MVIC) during the StandTS task when a PCB was used (p<.05). In men the EMG activity of the MF significantly decreased during the SitTS task when a PCB was used (p<.05): in women, the EMG activity of the RA, EO, MF, and ES during the SitTS task and that of the EO, MF, and ES during the SitTS task significantly decreased when a PCB was used (p<.05). In addition, the rates of change in the EMG activity of each muscle differed significantly during the SitTS and StandTS tasks before and after the use of the PCB. However, the EMG activity did not significantly differ between the male and female subjects. These findings suggest that the PCB may contribute to the modification of activation patterns of the trunk muscles during SitTS, and StandTS tasks.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare GRF characteristics during walking wearing jogging and roller shoes. Twelve male middle school students (age: $15.0{\pm}0.0\;yrs$, height: $173.6{\pm}5.0\;cm$, weight: $587.6{\pm}89.3\;N$) who have no known musculoskeletal disorders were recruited as the subjects. Kinematic data from six S-VHS camcorders(Panasonic AG456, 60 fields/s) and GRF data from two force platform; (AMII OR6-5) were collected while subjects walked wearing roller and jogging shoes in random order at a speed of 1.1 m/s. An event sync unit with a bright LED light was used to synchronize the video and GRF recordings. GRF data were filtered using a 20 Hz low pass Butterworth. digital filter and further normalized to the subject's body weight. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants and four phases were identified from the recording. Temporal parameters, GRFs, displacement of center of pressure (DCP), and loading and decay rates were determined for each trial. For each dependent variable, paired t-test was performed to test if significant difference existed between shoe conditions (p <.05). Vertical GRFs at heel contact increased and braking forces at the end of initial double limb stance reduced significantly when going from jogging shoe to roller shoe condition. Robbins and Waked (1997) reported that balance and vertical GRF are closely related It seems that the ankle and knee joints are locked in an awkward fashion at the heel contact to compensate for the imbalance. The DCP in the antero-posterior direction for the roller shoe condition was significantly less than the corresponding value for the jogging shoe condition. Because the subjects tried to keep their upper body weight in front of the hip to prevent falling backward, the DCP for the roller shoe condition was restricted The results indicate that walking with roller shoes had little effect on temporal parameters, and loading and decay rates. It seems that there are differences in GRF characteristics between roller shoe and jogging shoe conditions. The differences in GRF pattern may be caused primarily by the altered position of ankle, knee, and center of mass throughout the walking cycle. Future studies should examine muscle activation patterns and joint kinematics during walking with roller shoes.