• 한국어류학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.10-20
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• 2011

한반도 고유종인 묵납자루(Acheilognathus signifer)로부터 metallothionein(MT) 유전자를 분리하고 그 유전자 구조와 발현 특징을 분석하였다. 묵납자루 MT cDNA는 20개의 시스테인(cysteines)을 포함한 60개의 아미노산을 암호화하고 있었고, 이들 시스테인 잔기들의 위치는 잉어목 어류에서 잘 보전되어 있었다. 묵납자루 MT 유전자는 3개의 exon과 2개의 intron으로 구성되어 있었으며 intron영역은 A/T조성 빈도가 높았다. 생물정보 분석법을 통해 묵납자루 MT 유전자의 프로모터 영역은 중금속 조절 빛 스트레스/면역관련 조절에 관련한 다양한 전사 조절인자들의 부착 위치들이 보유하고 있는 것으로 예측되었다. Real-time RT-PCR 분석법을 이용한 묵납자루 MT mRNA의 조직 별 발현 수준을 조사한 결과, 난소와 장 조직에서의 발현 수준이 가장 높았으며 성장과 근욕 조직에서의 발현 수준이 가장 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 구리를 이용한 중금속 노출 실험(구리 농도 $0.5\;{\mu}M$을 이용, 48 시간 동안 침지 처리)을 통하여 간 조직에서 MT mRNA 발현이 가장 많이 유도되었고(3.5배 이상), 비장, 신장 및 아가미에서도 유의적인 발현양의 증가(1.5~2.5배)가 관찰되었다. 그러나 뇌 및 장 조직에서는 MT 발현양의 변화가 없었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 멸종위기 고유종인 묵납자루의 중금속 관련 스트레스 연구에 유용한 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.515-524
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• 2001

Two experiments using growing and finishing pigs (Landrace$\times$Duroc$\times$Yorkshire) were conducted to determine the effects of different levels of vitamins and trace minerals (VTM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs, and to evaluate the suitability of vitamin-mineral levels commonly used in the swine industry in Korea. A total of 120 three crossbred (Landrace$\times$Duroc$\times$Yorkshire) growing (Experiment I: 20.90 0.44 kg average initial body weight) and finishing (Experiment II: 53.55 0.97 kg average initial body weight) were used in 6 and 9 weeks feeding trials, respectively. Pigs were allotted on the basis of sex and weight to 5 treatments with 6 replications per treatment with 4 pigs per pen in a completely randomized block design. Treatments were: 1) control, 2) fat soluble vitamin 200% vs. control, 3) water soluble vitamin 200% vs. control, 4) trace mineral 50% vs. control, 5) trace mineral 200% vs. control. In experiment I, during the overall experimental period (0 to 6 weeks, 21 to 54 kg body weight), ADG of the 200% trace mineral supplemented group was significantly higher than that of the 50% trace mineral supplemented group. There were no significant differences among other the treatments. Digestibility of crude protein was lowest in mineral 50% supplemented group (p<0.05). Calcium digestibility was significantly higher in the 200% fat soluble vitamin supplemented group than in the other treatments (p<0.05). In experiment II, during the overall experimental period (0 to 9 weeks, 54 to 106 kg body weight), growth performance was not significantly affected by dietary vitamin and trace mineral levels. However, increasing level of water soluble vitamins at the level of 200% compared to control had a tendency to improve the overall growth performance. Overall carcass characteristics except for carcass length did not differ among pigs fed the dietary treatments. Loin eye area, pH, drip loss and shear force of meat were not affected by dietary vitamin and trace mineral levels. There was a trend for less fat content (%) in pork when the level of vitamin and trace mineral was increased, but the difference was not significant. Flavor score was the lowest in control and highest in the 200% fat soluble vitamin supplemented group (p<0.05). Juiciness of muscle was lower in the 200% fat soluble vitamin supplemented group than other dietary treatments, except for trace mineral 50% supplemented group (p<0.05). Based on these results, it is suggested that "typical" commercial levels of vitamin and trace minerals used by feed companies in Korea are sufficient to meet requirement for the maximum growth of growing-finishing pigs. Our results suggests that a reduction in trace mineral levels in commercial diets could be considered to reduce feed cost and nutrient excretion with economic and environmental benefits.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.5917-5935
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• 2012

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute and chronic human hepatitis infection and as such is an important global health problem. The virus was discovered in the USA in 1989 and it is now known that three to four million people are infected every year, WHO estimating that 3 percent of the 7 billion people worldwide being chronically infected. Humans are the natural hosts of HCV and this virus can eventually lead to permanent liver damage and carcinoma. HCV is a member of the Flaviviridae family and Hepacivirus genus. The diameter of the virus is about 50-60 nm and the virion contains a single-stranded positive RNA approximately 10,000 nucleotides in length and consisting of one ORF which is encapsulated by an external lipid envelope and icosahedral capsid. HCV is a heterogeneous virus, classified into 6 genotypes and more than 50 subtypes. Because of the genome variability, nucleotide sequences of genotypes differ by approximately 31-34%, and by 20-23% among subtypes. Quasi-species of mixed virus populations provide a survival advantage for the virus to create multiple variant genomes and a high rate of generation of variants to allow rapid selection of mutants for new environmental conditions. Direct contact with infected blood and blood products, sexual relationships and availability of injectable drugs have had remarkable effects on HCV epidemiology. Hundreds of thousands of people die each year from hepatitis and liver cancer caused by HCV virus infection. Approximately 80% of patients with acute hepatitis C progress into a chronic disease state leading to serious hepatic disorders, 10-20% of which develop chronic liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The incubation period of HCV is 6-8 weeks and the infection is often asymptomatic so it is very hard to detect at early stages, making early treatment very difficult. Therefore, hepatitis C is called a "silent disease". Neutralizing antibodies are produced against several HCV proteins during infection but the virus mutates to escape from antibodies. Some patients with chronic hepatitis C may have some symptoms such as fatigue, muscle aches, nausea and pain. Autoimmune and immunecomplex-mediated diseases have also been reported with chronic HCV infection.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.161-172
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• 1991

실험실 내에서 호르텐스극구흡충(Echinostoma hortense)의 생활사를 유지하면서 여러 가지 생물학적 현상을 관찰하였다. 충란은 $29~30^{\circ}C$ 항온기에서 배양 약 13일에 miracidium으로 발육하였고, miracidium은 평균 $93.8{\times}53.6{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$의 크기였으며 체표에 $7~11{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$ 길이의 섬모가 덮혀 있었다. Miracidium을 패류 Lymnaea pervia에 접촉 감염시켰던 바, 접촉 후 14일에 평균 $1.19{\times}0.27{\;}mm$ 크기의 제 1기 redid로, 30일에는 평균 $1.40{\times}0.26{\;}mm$ 크기의 성숙한 제 2기 redid로 발육하였다. Cercaria는 평균 $295.5{times}145.0{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$의 크기였으며, 두관의 발육이 미약하였고 두극이 관찰되지 않았다. 올챙이에 이 cercaria를 접촉시킨 결과, 모든 올챙이가 감염되었으며 피낭유충 회수율도 평균 88.5%로 높았다. 올챙이로부터 회수한 피낭유충은 타원형이었으며 평균 $167.7{\times}129.9{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$의 크기였다. Cercaria감염 후 올챙이 체내에 약 12시간 동안 머문 피낭유충은 마우스에 대한 감염력이 5.0%였으나 점차 증가하여 9일간 머문 것은 90.0%로 최대치를 보였고 이후 감소하여 50일 머문 것은 55.0%의 감염력을 보였다. 피낭유충이 마우스 체내에서 성충이 되기까지는 약 11~12일이 소요되었다. 이상과 같이 실험실 내에서 E. hortense의 전 생활사를 완료시키는 데에 최소한 55~58 일이 소요되었다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2016

은대구의 소화관 상대길이 비는 1.52 (n=12)이며, 소화관은 위의 후방부에 5~6개의 유문수를 가진다. 점막주름의 형태는 식도와 위에서는 미분지형이지만 장에서는 분지형이다. 횡단면에서 소화관은 조직학적으로 점막층, 점막하층, 근육층 및 장막으로 구분할 수 있다. 식도의 점막상피층은 단층이며, 원주섬모상피세포들과 점액세포들로 구성된다. 위 점막층의 위선은 관상선으로 주세포, 벽세포 및 뮤신분비세포들로 구성된다. 뮤신분비세포는 원주형으로 AB-PAS (pH 2.5) 반응에서 분홍색과 푸른색을 나타내는 분비과립을 가진다. 장의 점막상피층은 단층이며, 원주섬모상피세포들과 배상세포들로 구성된다. 점막하층은 소성결합조직층으로 주로 교원섬유들로 구성되며, 식도에서 잘 발달되어 있다. 소화관의 근육층은 종주근층과 환상근층으로 구분되며, 위에서 잘 발달되어 있다. 간은 다수의 소엽구조와 담관들로 이루어져 있으며, H-E 염색에서 간세포의 세포질은 호산성이며, 핵과 인은 호염기성을 보였다. 췌장조직은 소화관 주변의 지방조직에 산재하며, 다수의 외분비세포들로 구성된 포상선이었다. H-E 염색에서 외분비선세포의 세포질은 호염기성을 나타내며, 다수의 호산성 전효소 과립들을 함유한다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.246-250
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• 2000

Oral screen은 가장 기본적인 기능성 장치로서, 근육의 변화를 도모하여 비정상적인 근육형태와 연관된 초기부정교합의 개선에 적합하다. 이것은 혀와 buccinator mechanism사이의 근평형을 향상시켜, 정상적인 성장이 가능하도록 한다. Oral screen은, (1) 손가락빨기 혀내밀기, 입술깨물기 등의 구강습관, (2) 기도가 열려있을 때의 구호흡, (3) 상악전돌경향을 동반한 경미한 원심교합, (4) 유치열과 혼합치열에서의 개방교합, (5) 무력순 등을 개선하는데 사용된다. Oral screen은 매일 밤, 그리고 가능하다면 낮에도 장착하여야 한다. 장치의 효과는 구순폐쇄훈련을 시행함으로써 발휘된다. 장치를 장착하는 동안, 입술은 장치의 효과를 높이고 구순폐쇄를 향상시키기 위해 항상 접촉한 상태로 유지되어야 한다. 본 증례는 구호흡과 무력순을 보이며 각각 상악절치의 순측경사와 치은비대, 개방교합 양상을 보이는 2명의 어린이환자에게 구순폐쇄훈련을 병행하면서 oral screen을 장착한 결과, 구호흡경향이 줄어들어 치은부종이 감소하였고 구순의 근력과 길이는 증가하여 구순폐쇄가 원활해졌다. 아울러 상악 절치의 경사도가 감소되어 개방교합의 치료에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1575-1580
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters and breeding values of breast meat related traits of Pekin ducks. Selection response was also determined by using ultrasound breast muscle thickness (BMT) measurements in combination with bosom breadth (BB) and keel length (KL) values. Methods: The traits analyzed were breast meat weight (BMW), body weight (BW), breast meat percentage (BMP) and the three parameters of breast meat (BB, KL, and BMT). These measurements were derived from studying 15,781 Pekin ducks selected from 10 generations based on breast meat weight. Genetic parameters and breeding value were estimated for the analysis of the breeding process. Results: Estimated heritability of BMW and BMP were moderate (0.23 and 0.16, respectively), and heritability of BW was high (0.48). Other traits such as BB, KL, and BMT indicated moderate heritability ranging between 0.11 and 0.28. Significant phenotypic correlations of BMW with BW and BMP were discovered (p<0.05), and genetic correlations of BMW with BW and BMP were positive and high (0.83 and 0.66, respectively). It was noted that BMW had positive correlations with all the other traits. Generational average estimated breeding values of all traits increased substantially over the course of selection, which demonstrated that the ducks responded efficiently to increased breast meat yield after 10 generations of breeding. Conclusion: The results indicated that duck BMW had the potential to be increased through genetic selection with positive effects on BW and BMP. The ultrasound BMT, in combination with the measurement of BB and KL, is shown to be essential and effective in the process of high breast meat yield duck breeding.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.319-330
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• 2000

This study is aimed at analyzing the trend of research on the use of exercise in nursing research, through suggesting directions for future research and implementation of the various exercise therapies. Research studies were taken from dissertations and theses selected from the Academic Society Journals of nursing science, Journals from universities, medical and nursing schools, research institutes in various universities, the Central Journal of Medicine, and the New Medical Journal. The research published between 1970 and 1997 in Korea were analyzed, 51 research were selected. The research are analyzed according to: published time, source of the research, research design, subjects, sample size, dependant variables, exercise therapy, and effect of exercise therapy. The results were as follows: 1. Research on exercise therapy increased rapidly in the 1990's. At this time, 88.2% of research was published. 2. Research areas included: 54.9% non- degree research, 27.5% Doctoral theses, and 17.6% Master's theses. 3. The experimental design included: 66.7% non- equivalent control group pre-test/ post-test design and 29.4% one group pre-test/post- test design. 4. Out of the Subjects: 52.9% were patients with various health problems, and 47.1% were healthy individuals. 5. Sample size included: 52.9% with above 31 subjects, 11.8% with 11~15 and 26~30. 6. Exercise therapy was analyzed by type, intensity, frequency, duration, and period. 1) The Types: Aerobic exercise at 60.8% was the most common, active exercise for muscle strengthening and building made up 21.6%. 2) Exercise with 40~65% intensity comprised 25.5%, 70~85% with 7.8%, and no description of the intensity was 66.7%. 3) Frequency of 3~5 per week was the most common at 78.4%. 4) Duration: 15~60 minutes was the most common length of time at 76.5%. 5) Periods: More than 5 weeks at 82.3% were the most common in their categories. 7. Dependant variables: Psychological response was measured as a dependant variable in 92.2%, Cardio-pulmonary function 88.2%, Body Composition was 86.3%, Physical Response was 60.8%, Lipid Metabolism was 58.8%, Physical Strength was 49.0%, Glucose Metabolism was 25.5%, Activities of Daily Living was 17.6% and others added to be 3.9%. 8. The effect of Exercise Therapy was categorized into 'positive', 'partially positive', and 'no effect' according to dependant variables: Having a positive effect - Glucose Metabolism (93.3%), Physical Response (85.0%), Activities of Daily Living (81.8%), Psychological Response (71.6%), Lipid Metabolism (67.6%), Cardio- pulmonary Function (63.6%), Physical Strength (68.1%), and Body Composition (56.4%). The following suggestions can be made on the above findings: 1. Research findings on Exercise Therapy as a Nursing Intervention need to be described by their elements of type, intensity, frequency, duration and period. 2. Toproperly study the positive effects of Exercise Therapy, there needs to be ⑴ appropriate research design, ⑵ selection criteria for the subjects ⑶ contents of exercise prescription to individuals or groups ⑷ measurement criterion for the dependent variables. 3. Meta-analysis on exercise therapy also needs to be done to analyze and integrate the various results.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.40-53
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• 1976

This study was designed to comparse the metabolic effects of Korean diet pattern which contained all-polished rice and 70% polished rice, and to compare dietary restriction. The results were as follows. 1. Food intake survey to catch the Korean diet pattern The calory intake showed women took much more than men and farm village was higher than city, However, protein intake showed men were higher than women and decrease gradually from city, fishing village, and farm village. Calcium intake showed Seoul was the first rank of all, but was merely 70% of recommended quantities. Fe intake was greatly short especially in women and vitamin C also showed same situation. In the view of food group intake, grains and potatoes were 70.06%, vegetables and fruits 13.05%, meats fishes and beans 11.99%, respectivelly. Oil and fat intake showed lowest percentage as 0.77%. 2. Nutritional experiments albino rats have been fed for 7 weeks with three different diet: all-polished rice diet, 70% polished rice diet, and the standard diet for contral group. Dietary restriction were at 4 levels: 5% , 10%, 15%, 20% in 70% polished rice det. Body weight of 70% polished rice group gained value compare to all polished rice group. In the final organ weight all-polished rice group and 70% polished rice group and 70% polished rice group revealed similar results, but organ weight almost decreased dued to dietary restriction and statistical data showed significant differences between dietary restriction group and none-restriction group. In the femur length, 70% polished rice group was longer than all polished rice group but there was no significant differences. The nitrogen content of liver and muscle of 70% polished rice group was higher than all-polished rice group. Furthermone there was significant differences in the female (P<0.1). In the 10% restriction group(female) and 15% restriction group(male), nitrogen retention was higher than 0% restriction group. The other biochemical analysis such as liver lipid, serum cholesterol, glucose of urine, feces and serum were not revealed any significant differences. As a result of studying, it seems clear that 70% polished rice intake influenced much nourshment to white rat growth than all-porished rice intake, and there is no significant influence to animal growth and metabolic effect even if it was restricted $5{\sim}10%$ of diet.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2000

격렬한 운동유형으로 분류되는 비행이 습성화 되어 있는 조류를 대상으로, 인위적으로 비행을 제한시켰을 떼 나타나는 심근의 퇴행성 변화를 살펴봄으로써, 운동량 감소가 심근에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하고자 하였다. 서식환경의 제한을 위해 자연상태에서 서식하는 비둘기를 1 $m^3$ 공간에 2달 동안 서식시킨 군 (confined type)과 자연상태의 군 (wild type)으로 나누어 심근의 변화양상을 미세구조적, 세포화학적 방법 및 입체해석학적 방법으로 분석하였다. 체중은 confined type에서 증가되어 상대적으로 심장의 무게는 감소되었고, 흉근의 무게는 6.5% 감소 (p<0.05) 되었다. Confined type은 wild type과 비교해 볼 때, 미세구조적으로 더 적은 빈도의 심근의 파동형 변화와 지방소적의 침적이 관찰되었고, 근절의 길이는 길게 관찰되었다. Cytochrome oxidase의 활성을 알아보기 위해 실시한 세포 화학적 반응 결과, confined type에서 활성이 15% 감소되었다. 또한 입체해석학적 분석 결과, confined type의 관원섬유 체적밀도는 높게 나타났으나, 근형질내세망의 체적밀도와 사립체 내막의 표면밀도는 각각 23%, 25% 낮게 (p<0.05, p<0.01) 나타났다. 사립체의 체적밀도는 confined type에서 낮게 나타난 반면, 수적 밀도는 wild type과 비교하여 17% 높게 (p<0.05) 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합해보면 비행이라는 고에너지를 요구하는 격렬한 운동인 비행이 습성화 되어 있는 비둘기에서 비행을 제한시키면, 심근은 운동량의 감소에 따른 퇴행성 변화를 겪게 되므로, 운동의 지속성 여부는 심근기능유지에 매우 중요한 요소로 판단된다.