• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.380-387
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• 1998

연구배경: 압력보조환기법은 기계호흡으로부터 이탈시 최근에 많이 이용되는 인공환기법으로 적절한 압력보조 수준이 이탈 과정에 중요하며 특히 최소압력보조 (minimal pressure support) 수준에서 환자의 환기 상태가 적절하면 치료자는 인공 호흡기로 부터 여탈 및 기관내 관을 발관할 수 있다. 그러나 부적절한 최소압력 보조 수준의 적용은 환기 이탈 기간의 장기화나 이탈 실패를 초래할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이탈기 환자들이 최소압력보조 치의 범위를 알아보고 또한 최대 흡기유량과 총환기계 저항의 곱으로 구한 최소압력보조치의 계산값과 환자의 기관내 관 끝에서 실측한 값 사이의 차이를 비교함으로써 유도식으로 계산된 최소압력 보조 값의 임상적 유용성을 예측하고자 하였다. 방 법: 기저 질환이 호전되어 기계호흡으로부터 이탈이 가능한 환자 16명을 대상으로 폐 감시기 (CP-100 pulmonary monitor, Bicore, USA)를 이용하여 부가된 호흡일을 구한 후 최소압력보조의 수준을 직접 측정하였고, 이들 중 9예에서는 또한 유도식 (peak inspiratory flow rate$\times$total ventilatory system resistance=minimal pressure support)을 이용하여 최소합력보조의 수준을 구하였다. 결 과: 대상환자 16명중 14명에서 측정한 최소압력보조의 실측치는 4~12.5 cm$H_2O$로써 환자에 따라 차이가 심하였다. 대상 환자 중 2명에서 각각 15, 21 cm$H_2O$로써 높게 측정되었으나 기관내 관을 발관 후 내강이 기도 분비물로 심한 폐쇄가 발견되었다. 실측치를 측정한 16명중 9명에서 유도식을 이용하여 최소압력 보조의 계산치를 구하였으며 실측치와 계산치의 비는 평균 0.81로 실측치 보다 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였으나 실측치와 계산치의 상관 계수는 0.88(p=0.002)로 통계학적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결 론: 압력보조환기법에 의한 이탈 시도시 최소압력보조 수준의 결정은 유도식을 이용하여 계산된 값을 적용하는 것이 치료자가 임의적으로 일정한 값을 적용하는 것보다 더 나을 것으로 사료된다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.186-196
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• 2004

목적: 자가면역성 간염은 원인 불명의 진행성 염증성 간질환으로 혈중 자가항체의 출현과 고감마글로불린혈증, 그리고 조직학적으로 문맥주위 염증을 특징으로 한다. 소아에서는 산발적인 증례 보고가 있었으나 국내에서는 아직까지 체계적인 연구가 없었다. 이에 저자들은 소아에서 자가면역성 간염의 임상적, 조직학적 소견과 치료 경과 및 예후에 대해 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 1990년부터 2004년까지 서울대학교 어린이병원에서 자가면역성 간염으로 진단되었던 14명의 환자들의 임상적 특징, 혈액 검사 소견 및 간 조직 검사 소견을 분석하였다. 또한 이들 환자들에게 시행된 치료 약제 및 치료에의 반응, 그리고 재발 여부 등 치료 경과를 조사하였다. 결과: 대상 환자 14명의 진단시 연령은 평균 $9{\pm}3$세였다. 여자가 11명으로 전체의 78%를 차지하였고, 6명에서 급성 발병을 보였다. 임상 증상으로는 황달이 11명에서 호소하여 가장 흔하였으며, 이 외에도 피로감, 식욕부진, 진한색 소변, 상복부 불쾌감, 잦은 코피, 오심, 소양감 및 설사가 동반되었다. 신체 검진 소견에서는 간비종대가 흔하게 나타났다. 6명의 환자에서 다른 자가면역성 질환이 동반되었고 1명에서는 일등친 중 그레이브스병의 병력이 있었다. 혈중 자가항체 검사 결과 13명에서 항핵 항체가 양성으로 나왔으며 항핵 항체가 음성으로 나왔던 1명은 항평활근 항체가 양성으로 나와 대상 환자 모두가 제1형 자가면역성 간염에 해당되었다. 7명에서는 항핵 항체와 항평활근 항체가 모두 양성으로 나왔다. 혈청 IgG는 평균 $2971{\pm}2147mg/dL$였고, AST는 평균 $469{\pm}402\;U/L$, 총 빌리루빈은 평균 $4.9{\pm}5.5mg/dL$였다. 간 조직 검사 소견으로는 문맥 주위의 염증(10명), 간세포의 로제트 형성(3명), 소엽의 염증(6명)이 흔하게 나타났고 2명에서는 진단 당시 이미 조직학적으로 간경변이 동반되었다. 대상 환자 14명 중 6명은 UDCA만 사용하며 관찰 중 간수치가 호전되었고 나머지 8명에게는 스테로이드 치료가 시행되었다. 이중 7명이 초기 스테로이드 치료시 관해를 보였으나 스테로이드를 감량하거나 중지시 재발하였다. 스테로이드 재치료가 시행되었고 3명은 스테로이드 감량 중 관해 유지 중이고 2명은 azathioprine으로 관해 유지 중이다. 결론: 자가 면역성 간염은 원인 불명의 소아 만성 간 질환의 원인 중 하나이며, 적절한 치료로 예후가 개선될 수 있는 간질환이다. 그러므로 특히 여아에서 고감마글로블린혈증을 보이거나 다른 자가면역성 질환이 동반될 경우 자가면역성 간염을 의심하여 자가항체 선별 검사를 시행하고 적절한 진단 및 치료를 시행하는 것이 중요하리라고 생각된다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was designed to develop and evaluate a stage matched exercise intervention program to effectively increase exercise behaviors in urban elders. Methods: The study included three phases: preliminary descriptive data collection, program development, and program evaluation. The data for the preliminary descriptive phase were collected between May and June 2001. The study participants were 89 urban elders who responded a questionnaire that included general characteristics, exercise related experiences, stage, and process of change in exercise behaviors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, and content analysis. Development of the program was based on the preliminary data. and a literature review, and was guided by the tran theoretical model. It consisted of strategies to facilitate the process of changes used in each stage. Evaluation of the program was achieved from October to December 2001, using a case study method, in which eight urban female elders participated. Interviews were conducted on a weekly basis in the form of either an individual interview, or group discussion. Each elder subject received education in accordance with the program strategies and education materials. In the case that a subject's stage of change moved into another one, the scores for the process of change were re-measured. The data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Results: The results were as follows: 1. Elders who participated in the preliminary data collection phase were over 75 years of age, and the majority of them were women. They had a higher educational level, and fewer number of illnesses than the subjects in other studies. Their stage of change was divided into pre-contemplation and maintenance. The social liberation scores were the highest across all stages of change. There was no difference between men and women on scores for processes of change in each stage. 2. The stage matched exercise intervention program that was developed in this study consisted of one counseling type program and three distinguished educational booklet materials. 3. The results of the case studies are as follows: 1) The study participants were 8 women between 75 and 87 years of age. At the first interviews, all of them were in the pre-contemplation stage. All of them reached the action stage before the 7th week. The scores for processes of change that were the focus in each stage increased more than the scores for other processes of change. During the early stages of change, experimental processes increased more than behavioral processes. However. this pattern was reversed during later stages of change. 2) Characteristics of the subjects in each stage were identical as presented at the tran theoretical model. The intervention strategies were effective in the transition occurred in any stage. 3) Barriers for exercise included unwillingness to exercise, fatigue, shortness of breath, and pain. Ways to overcome these barriers were 'learning an alternative exercise method that can be done at home', 'self-promising/ exercise-promising', and 'use of cues to exercise'. 4) The factors that affected the application of the program were consideration of age and personal preference in selecting an exercise pattern, individualized intervention, and use of education materials appropriate to elders. Women over 80 years of age preferred muscle strengthening and stretching exercise, because they can be easily done at home. They also preferred individualized interventions, materials that were easy to read, and education contents appropriate for elders. Conclusion: In conclusion, the stage matched exercise intervention program that considered the characteristics of the elders was effective to facilitate exercise behaviors of the elders.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2001

유기인계 농약은 주로 수확률을 증가시킬 목적으로 과일, 채소, 곡류를 포함한 농산물에 사용하는 살충제로, 최근의 위해성평가기술은 독성기전이 동일한 물직들에 대해서 기준이 되는 물질의 특성을 1로하여 상대독성계수를 고려하므로 동시노출평가(cumulative risk assessment)를 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 식품섭취를 통한 유기인계 농약의 동시다중노출에 기인된 위해정도를 판단하기 위하여 유기인계 농약과 다소비노출가능식품 등을 대상으로 cumulative risk assessment 를 실시코자 하였다. 펑가에 고려된 농약은 우리나라에서 사용빈도가 높은 농약(Acephate, Azinphos-methyl, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Dimethoate, Ethion, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methidathion, Parathion-methyl, Phosmet, Pirimiphos-methyl) 12종이었고, 평가대상식품은 국내에서 유통되는 다소비식품을 위주로 곡류 4종(쌀, 보리, 밀, 옥수수), 과일류 5종(사과, 감, 밀감, 바나나, 배), 및 채소류 13종(배추, 양배추, 상추, 시금치, 오이, 토마토, 호박, 양파, 고추, 마늘, 무, 파, 당근)을 포함하여 총 22종의 식품을 대상으로 하였으며, 시료의 대표성을 부여하기 위하여 샘플링은 전국 4개 대도시(서울, 부산, 광주, 대전)를 대상으로 총2회 실시하였다. 12종의 유기인계 농약의 동시다중 노출에 대한 위해성평가를 위하여 노출평가시 TEF(독성등가치, Toxic Equivalency Factor) 방법을 적용하였고, FAO/WHO 의 만성인체노출평가방법을 기초로 우리나라 일반 성인을 대상으로 다수의 식품섭취를 통한 다수의 농약에 대한, 동시인체노출평가를 실시하였다. 노출의 안전수준을 결정하기 위해 필요한 독성값은 chlorpyrifos를 기준으로 하여 U.S.EPA 에서 제시한 AChE저해작용을 endpoint로 하는 RfD 값을 활용하였으며, 다수의 유기인계 농약으로부터 동시노출 되었을 때 나타날 수 있는 비발암독성에 대한 위해도를 결정하기 위하여 위험지수(Hazard Index, HI) 방법을 사용하였다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.113-116
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• 2011

아세틸콜린 수용체는 아세틸콜린에 대한 신경근 접합부의 수용체로 중증 근무력증에서는 이 수용체에 대한 자가항체인 아세틸콜린 수용체 항체가 생산되어 수용체 단백질과의 사이에 항원항체 결합체를 형성하기 때문에 신경흥분의 전달장애를 가져오는 것으로 알려져 있어 아세틸콜린 수용체 항체의 측정은 중증 근무력증의 진단에 중요하다. 중증 근무력증(Myasthenia Gravis)은 근육의 힘이 비정상적으로 약해지거나 피로해지는 병으로 안검하수, 복시, 근력약화 등을 나타내는 자가 면역성 질환이다. 모든 근무력증 환자에서 이 자가항체가 존재하는 것은 아니고, 전신성 근무력증 환자의 80~90% 가량이 발견되며 안근육에 국한된 근무력증의 71%가 검출된다. 그러나 선천성 근무력증에서는 검출되지 않는다. 아세틸콜린수용체 항체 농도와 임상적 중증도와의 상관관계는 없는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 아세틸콜린 수용체 항체의 검사법을 소개함으로서 중증 근무력증의 진단에 유용한 정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 대상은 본원에 내원한 환자들 중 2010년 8월부터 9월까지 총 19명의 아세틸콜린 수용체 항체 검사가 의뢰된 검체를 대상으로 검사를 시행하였고, 측정키트는 R사의 키트로 면역침강법(immuno-precipitation)을 이용한 비경쟁반응법이다. cut off 값은 0.2 nmol/L로 결과값 중 음성값(negative)은 0.2 nmol/L미만이며, 양성값(positive)은 0.2 nmol/L 이상으로 판정한다. 검사를 시행한 19명의 환자 중 7명이 양성으로 보고되었으며(36.8%), 7명 중 6명이 근무력증(MG)으로 진단되었다. 중증 근무력증의 확진에는 이 검사법뿐만 아니라 다른 여러 가지 추가 검사들이 필요하다. 희귀병을 진단하는 검사법이라 많이 보편화된 검사는 아니지만 중증 근무력증은 아세틸콜린 수용체에 대한 항체가 생겨서 기능장애를 초래하는 질병이기 때문에 이 항체의 측정은 그의 진단에 유용할 것이라고 사료된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.190-211
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• 1996

Generally the Myasthenia Gravis is classified into two of hereditary factor and acquement. Aquired Myasthenia Gravis was Quite well known to be caused by the autoimmune mechanism. Not in accurateness, on the hereditary, acetylcholine receptor antibody was to be analyzed very high in their parents and brothers. Also Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic disease characterized by voluntary muscle weakness and fatigue. above all, ocular Myasthenia Gravis is characterized clinically by blepharoptosis and external ophthalmoplegia and to be showed abut 90% cases and so oriental medicine can not but deal with myasthenia gravis at blepharoptosis. Accordinglv 20 out patients with Myasthenia Gravis were clinical study and observation as to the sex, age, progress state of MG, blood type, history, main symptom, liking for warm and cool food and tepidity, state of pulse, treatment of acupuncture and administration of oriental medicine etc. The results were as follows. 1. There was investigaed on the frequency of attack for sex, age, oculus dexter, oculus sinister, oculus uterque. Among the 20 patients, the number of female were 60% with 12 cases and male were 40% with 8 cases, therefore it was the rate of 6 : 4. the patients under 10 ages and 40 ages were 20% with 4 cases, 10 ages and 50 ages were 15% with 3 cases, 20, 30, 60 ages were 10% with 2 cases. And then oculus uterque was 90% with 18 cases, oculus sinister was 10% with 2 cases and oculus dexter were none of them. 2. Stage I were 50% with 10 patients, stage $II_A$ were 30% with 6 patients and stage $II_B$ were 20% with 4 patients, on the clinical stage and too class I were 20% with 4, class II were 45% with 9, class III were 35% with 7, in the functional activity the patients with chest heavy were 15% with 3 and hyperthyroidism were 10% with 2. 3. Hospital which patients had used to before came to this hospital were 10 university hospital and 6 local clinic. 4. The duration of disease was from 3 months to 30 years, the patients suffering between 3 months and within 1 year were 25% with 5 cases, 1-2 years were 30% with 6 cases, therefore within 2 years were 55%. 4-5 years were 15%, over 7 years were appeared less than 10%. 5. In the main symptom, all of patients were appeared to be heavy in opening their eyes the patients with blephroptosis were 70% with 14 cases on the oculus uterque, oculus sinisterf and oculus dexter, there were 20% with 4 eases each other in the oculogyation incomplete. visual failing, ophthalmoxerosis, strabismus etc and indigetion, frequency of urine(feel hurt), mild stools(or diarrea), oversensitiveness etc. but in addition, all of the other were 10%. 6. In the distribution of blood type, 0 types were 45% with 9 cases, A types were 25% with 5 cases, B and AB types were 15% each other. 7. For the rates of patients of liking for warm and cool food or tepidity, patients of liking for warm food possess 45% with 9 cases, and cool food possess 35% with 7 and tepidity possess 20% with 4, and then most of patients liking for warm food were females and cool food were much more males than females. 8. Hyunsae(弦細) were 40% with 8 cases, Buhurl(浮滑) were 20% with 4 cases, Hyunsak(弦數) were 15% with 3 cases, and in addition, the others were 10%, among 7 types of pulses. 9. The patients with less than 1 week were 40% with 8 cases, and there were female most of them and over 4 weeks were 20% and 1-2weeks were 15%, in the duration acupuncture treatment. 10. 15 kinds of prescriptions were administrated with oriental medicine from 1 week to 20weeks 1_2 weeks were 25.71% with 9 cases, 3 weeks were 17.14% with 6 cases and 6 weeks were 11.42% with 4 cases and also Gamibaetaugunbitang(加味培土健脾湯) were 28.57% with 10 cases, Gamijeounyongtang(加味正容湯) were 14.28% with 5 cases, Gamibojoongyigitung (加味補中益氣湯), Gamiyinsamyangyoungtung (加味人蔘養榮湯) were 8.57% with 3 cases each other and also Gamisamgitung (加味蔘?湯), Gamisamuloajatung(加味四物五子湯) Gamigoudungum (加味鉤藤飮), etc were applied.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-34
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• 1994

This study has been done in order to analyze the relationship between climacteric symptoms and the stress of life events. For the purpose of this study. objectives set up were as followings. : 1. Climacteric symptoms complained by middle aged women are studied. 2. The stress of life events experienced by middle aged women is studied. 3. The relationship between climacteric symptoms and the stress of life events is studied. 4. The relationship between climacteric symptoms and general characteristics is studied. and the relationship between the stress of life events and general characteristics is also studied. The sample size of this study was 462 cases. The subjects were middle-aged women. who were from 40 to 60 years old and resided in Seoul. Data were collected by using questionnaires which consisted of 122 questions from Jan. 1 to Feb. 7 in 1992. The questionnaires include questions about general characteristics. climacteric symptoms and life events. The measurement scales for this study were adopted from the climacteric symptoms scale developed by Chi. Sung-Ai and the measurement scale of stress related to life events devised by Lee. Pyoung Sook. The analysis of data collected was done by using SPSS-pc package. Firstly. general characteristics were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. Secondly. climacteric symptoms were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods. the analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Thirdly. the stress of life events was studied by using descriptive statistical methods. the analysis of variance. and tests of independence. The results of this study are as followings. 1. General characteristics of the respondents are as followings: The average age is 49. 13. and the age group from 46 to 50 has $30.5\%$ in the respondents. Christianity is the major religion $(42.6\%)$. and the respondents with a high school diploma are $(43.1\%)$ of the respondents. $60\%$ of all respondents are housewives. and $90.5\%$ are married. The average number of children is 2.71. and the average number of family is 4.24 Monthly income of $39.1\%$ of the respondents is from l,010,000 Won to 2,000,000 Won. The premenopausal group is $4.9\%$. and $45.5\%$ of all respondents are satisfied with marrital life. $43.3\%$ of all feel happy. and $13.9\%$ feel economic frustration. $27.9\%$ of respondents are satisfied with sexual life. and $45\%$ of all report that the amount of recreational activities are more needed. 2. The average score of climacteric symptoms is 1. 8461 (The maximum score is 5.0). The symptoms complained frequently are nervousness. muscle-ache. fatigue. headache and knee-ache. Climacteric symptoms are significantly different in menopausal states. age groups. the number of children, marrital satisfaction. the feeling of life. self-reported health states and sexual satisfaction. 3. The life events occurred frequently were 'discord with husband', 'children's important exams', 'separation from husband related to works' and 'vacation'. When life events are analyzed by factors. the most frequently mentioned factor is 'marrital life'. The stress of life events is significantly different in a few general characteristics (age. the number of children, the number of family, monthly income, menopausal status, the feeling of life. self-reported health states, economic satisfaction). 4. The score of climacteric symptoms complained is significantly different according to the stress of life events (p<0.051, Especially, the difference is the widest in psychological symptoms according to the factor of 'couple. marrital life' among stressful life events. In Summary, climacteric symptoms complained by middle-aged women are related to the amount of the stress of life events. Whether life events are positive of negative is not important. Yet. climacteric symptoms and stressful life events are deeply related to general characteristics. so we can not insist strongly that one be directly related to the other.