• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.103-121
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• 2003

Human being can't live without nature, then the changes of nature affect human body. It means that human body has corresponding changes to the KI(vital energy) of nature. There is a stream of changes in human body which circulate mysteriously and punctually by the laws of nature. If this stream of changes fits into human's life style, it would be most effective. It has a certain mode continuously. So if a person has a habit fitting into it, he will get the healthiest body. Then the researcher tries to explain the changes in human body by the time, mainly focused on within 24 hours. it is showing not only the oriental view, but also the western's. The researcher can find the coincidence as followings. At In-Si(3-5 am), the body function and the body temperature get to the bottom, therefore it's good for him to wake up and to run the vital energy. At Sa-Si(9-11 am), the patience on pain anxiety and the psychic concentration get to the top, he'd better start the work. At O-Si(11am-1pm), the heart energy has a vital move, then the blood concentration of Hb(hemoglobin) gets to the top. At Mi-Si(1-3 pm), the muscle strength, the squeeze, and the breathing rate increase. The reflex nerve sensitivity gets to the top. Creativity, observation, and working efficiency go high, so it's time to work hard. At Hae-Si(9pm-1am), the body function falls, sleeping is needed. At Chuck-Si(1-3 am), the cell spontaneity gets to the top, immune lymphocyte moves actively, and the blood concentration of growth hormone gets to the top. These are liver's work. In west, there has been active studies on how to reduce the side effect by using a person's bio-rhythm based on the 'time treatment', and how to reorganize the bio-rhythm by using the machine and the age resistance based on the 'bio-watch'. Though the 'time treatment' means something, the artificial resistance on bio-rhythm seems to give bad effects to human body. If a person lives by regimen of oriental medicine, he will maintain the healthiest body. Regimen is that human body follows the laws of nature, and moves its mysterious, Punctual and periodical changes.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.859-869
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• 2007

Naked DNA and standard vectors have been previously used for gene delivery. Among these, PEI can efficiently condense DNA and has high intrinsic endosomal activities. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the cationic polycation PEI could increase the transfection efficiency of BMP expressing DNA using a vector-loaded collagen sponge model. BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 plasmid was constructed by subcloning human BMP-2 cDNA into the pcDNA3.1 plasmid vector. PEI/DNA complexes were prepared by mixing PEI and BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 and the constructed complexes were loaded into the collagen sponges. In vitro studies, BMSCs were transfected with the PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 complexes from collgen sponge. The level of secreted BMP-2 and alkaline phosphatase activities of transfected BMSCs were significantly higher in PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 group than in BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 group (p<0.05). Transfected BMSCs were cultured and mineralization was observed only in cells treated with PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 complexes. In vivo studies, PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1/collagen, BMP-2/pcDNA3.1/collagen and blank collagen were grafted in skeletal muscle of nude mice. Ectopic bone formation was shown in PEI/BMP-2/pcDNA3.1/collagen grafted mouse 4 weeks postimplantation, while not in BMP-2/pcDNA3.1 grafted tissue. This study suggests that PEI-condensed DNA encoding for BMP-2 is capable of inducing bone formation in ectopic site and might increase the transfection rate of BMP-2/pcDNA3.1. As a non-viral vector, PEI offers the potential in gene therapy for bone engineering.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.157-170
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder feeding by 1% level of concentrate on the fattening cross bred bulls(5/8 Korean Native Cattle, 2/8 Charolais, 1/8 Brahman germ plasma) Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment groups which were T1(Full feeding of concentrate and roughage for 12 months), T2(T1 and Scoria addition), T3(T1 and Quartz porphyry addition) and T4(Oak charcoal addition) for 360 days, consisting of 32 heads whose initially weights were about 299.7kg. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. During the over-all period, average daily gains by T3, T4, T2 and T1 were 1.024, 0.987, 0.977kg and 0.964, respectively, without a significant difference by treatments. 2. Concentrate intakes per body weight and TDN intakes required per unit of kilogram gain were lower in addition agent groups than in control, and in all the treatments feed efficiency was higher at early stage for 360 fattening day than at end stage. 3. Carcass weight, dressing percent, back-fat thickness and loin eye muscle area by treatments were 330.9 to 348.4kg(average 340.3kg), 55.2~56.2(average 55.8%), 0.41~0.55(average 0.46cm)and 76.0~80.9$\textrm{cm}^2$(average 77.6$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively, and were improved in addition agent groups than in control. 4. Meat quality grade is higher in addition agent groups than in control, and heads of 1st grade by treatments was 3, 2, 1 and none in T4, T2, T3 and T1, respectively. 5. Incidence heads of diseases by treatment were not apparently different, but diseases of digestive system was decreased in addition agent groups than in control. 6. The nitrate nitrogen content of fattening bull dung which collected in rectum were 0.082~0.089% (average 0.084%), and the content in addition agent groups was smaller than in controll. 7. Income was higher in order of T4, T3, T2, and T1 and incomes of treatment groups were grater than that of control group by 21.4 to 33.5 percent. According to the above results it may be concluded that fattening bulls may be required to feed no more than 1% of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder based on the concentrate feeding level during the fattening period(12 to 24 month of age) to produce high quality meat and increase income.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Therapies have been reported to treat the glottal gap previously. However, these voice therapies showed the limits because many techniques focused only on one among breathing, resonance and phonation. In addition patients often have difficulties visiting hospital frequently. 'Gliding and humming' is vocal training technique that readjusts total vocal patterns such as breathing, resonance and phonation. This technique can be easily applied during short term sessions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of voice therapy with 'gliding and humming' for patients with glottic gap during short-term treatment sessions. Materials and Method Twenty-three patients with glottal gap were selected. Of all patients, 14 patients had sulcus vocalis and 12 patients had muscle tension dysphonia (MTD). Voice therapies were performed 1.9 sessions in average. GRBAS, jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio, semitone range, closed quotient_vowel and maximum phonation time were compared before and after the therapies. In addition, changes of glottal gap and MTD severity were evaluated. Results Statistically significant improvement was observed. MTD improvement was observed only among the patients with glottal gap improvement. Also sulcus vocalis group showed the statistically significant improvement. Conclusion 'Gliding and humming' was effective to the patients with glottic gap and sulcus vocalis. Also, among patients who have both glottic gap and MTD, the data suggests that voice therapy for glottic gap also makes improvement in MTD.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.261-269
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• 1995

A practical control diet was prepared and compared with raw fish ($80\%$ frozen horse mackerel + $20\%$ commercial binder meal) and moist pellet ($50\%$ frozen horse mackerel + $50\%$commercial binder meal) diets to develop a practical diet formulation for Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Korean rockfish averaging 68.5g were fed with the three experimental diets for 11 months. Final average body weight was approximately 330g and showed no significant difference between fish groups (P>0.05). Feed efficiency of fish from control diet was significantly lower than those of fish from raw fish and moist pellet diets (P<0.05). Protein and lipid retention efficiency of fish ranged $26.9-28.8\%$ and $86.5-110.2\%$, respectively, without any significant difference between the different diets. At the end of the experiment, chemical composition for the various parts of fish body and flesh quality of the raw fish were examined. The data showed that there was no significant difference between fish from the different diet groups for moisture, protein and lipid contents of whole body, liver, and dorsal muscle. Also, thirty three panelists did not find any difference in color, smell, texture, and taste of the raw fish flesh. These results suggest that Korean rockfish can be cultured with a laboratory practical feed without any negative effects on growth, nutrient utilization, chemical composition of fish, and quality of raw fish. Therefore, the next step in developing practical feed is to modify the control diet for improving fish performance and reducing feed cost.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Red clay(Hwangto) as feed additives with 26 Hanwoo steers at two regions for 540 days from six to 24 months of age on feed efficiency, meat quantity and meat quality. Feeding trial 1 was conducted with two treatment groups by five heads/treatment which were T1(Control) and T2(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at National Livestock Research Institute. Feeding trial 2 was conducted with four treatment groups by four heads/treatment which were T1(Control), T2(Control+2% Hwangto), T3(Control+5% Hwangto) and T4(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at a private Hanwoo breeding farm. In feeding trial 1, average daily gains by growing, fattening, finishing and over-all periods were 0.572, 0.866, 0.869 and 0.769kg in T1, and 0.537, 0.904, 0.857 and 0.766kg in T2, respectively. Average daily gain for growing and finishing period was high in T1 but in T2 for fattening period, which were not statistically significant. Also concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were not statistically significant by treatments. In carcass characteristic, dressed carcass and red meat percentage were high in T1 but in T2 for retailed cut percentage without significant difference. The yield index and shear force was 69 and 70, 4.4 and 6.1 kg/$cm^2$ in T1 and T2, respectively. In palatability traits, the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were 4.08 and 4.64, 3.42 and 3.96, 4.58 and 4.80 in T1 and T2, respectively. which showed a tendency to improvement in Hwangto feeding groups. In feeding trial 2, the range of average daily gains were 0.656(T6) to 0.772(T3), 0.937(T6) to 1.009(T5), 0.592(T3) to 0.675kg(T6) in growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively. Although it was high in T3, T5 and T6 at growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively, it was not significantly different by treatments. The ranges of concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were 8.71 to 9.50(average 9.05) and 7.52 to 7.64kg(average 7.55kg), they all were lower in Hwangto feeding groups than in control about 4.5 to 8.3% and 1.2 to 1.6%, respectively. In carcass characteristics, back-fat thickness, loin eye muscle area and yield index were not difference by treatments, but marbling scores were high in T5 and T6 than in percent. Summarizing above results, it may be concluded that the use of unprocessed Hwangto as feed additives for growing-fattening steers seems to improve meat quality but not red meat quantity and feed efficiency, and may be required to feed ad libitum during the finishing period.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2005

Objectives: REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), characterized by excessive motor activity during REM sleep, is associated with loss of muscle atonia. In recent years, it has been reported that RBD has high co-morbidity with CNS disorders (especially, Parkinson's disease, dementia, multiple system atrophy, etc.). We aimed to assess differences in clinical and polysomnographic findings among RBD patients, depending on the presence or absence of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Methods: The medical records and polysomnographic data of 81 patients who had been diagnosed as having RBD were reviewed. The patients were classified into two groups: associated RBD (aRBD, i.e., with a clinical history and/or brain MRI evidence of CNS disorder) and idiopathic RBD (iRBD, i.e., without a clinical history and/or brain MRI evidence of CNS disorder) groups. Twenty-one patients (25.9%) belonged to the aRBD group and 60 patients (74.1%) belonged to the iRBD group. The clinical characteristics and polysomnographic findings of the two groups were compared. Results: Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), i.e., PLMI (periodic limb movement index)>5, was observed more frequently in the aRBD group than in the iRBD group (p<0.001, Fisher's exact test). Also, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), i.e., RDI (respiratory disturbance index)>5, was found more frequently in the aRBD group (p=0.0042, Fisher's exact test). The percentages for slow wave sleep and sleep efficiency were significantly lower in the aRBD group than in the iRBD group. Conclusion: We found that 1 out of 4 RBD patients had associated CNS disorders, warranting more careful neurological evaluation and follow-up in this category of RBD. In this category of RBD patients, we also found more frequent PLMD and OSAS. These patients were also found to have lower slow wave sleep and sleep efficiency. In summary, RBD patients with associated CNS disorders suffer from more disturbed sleep than those without them.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

A feeding experiment was conducted using juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) to evaluate supplemental vitamin premix in a test diet containing fish meal as protein source for nutritional study. Four vitamin premixes were prepared by adjusting different quantity and combination of vitamins. Each vitamin premix contained (mg/kg diet) : premix-1 : ascorbic acid, 2666 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 417 ; thiamin, 60 ; riboflavin, 200 ; pyridoxine, 40 ; niacin, 800 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 280 ; myo-inositol, 4000 ; D-biotin, 6 ; folic acid, 15 ; p-amino-benjoic acid, 400 ; mennadione, 40 ; A, 16 ; $D_3$, 0.1 ; choline chloride, 8000 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.09 ; premix-2 : ascorbic acid, 270 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 189 ; thiamin, 13.5 ; riboflavin,, 27 ; pyridoxine, 13.5 ; niacin, 135 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 135 ; myo-inositol, 135 ; D-biotin, 1. 4 : folic acid, 4.9 ; mennadione, 5.4 : A, 5.4 ; $D_3$, 2.2 ; choline chloride, 3000 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.05 ; premix-3 : ascorbic acid, 570 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 107 ; thiamin, 20 ; riboflavin, 14.3 ; pyridoxine, 14.3 ; niacin, 71,3 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 57 ; myo-inositol, 456 ; D-biotin, 0.7 ; folic acid, 2.9 ; p-aminobenjoic acid, 285 ; mennadione, 5.7 ; A, 5.7 ; $D_3$, 1.1 ; choline chloride, 1500 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.03 ; premix-4 : ascorbic acid, 190 : a-tocopheryl acetate, 36 ; thiamin, 6.7 ; riboflavin, 4.8 ; pyridoxine, 4.8 ; niacin, 23.8 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 19 ; myo-inositol, 152 ; D-biotin,0.2 ; folic acid, 1 ; p-aminobenjoic acid, 95 ; mennadione, 1.9 ; A, 1.9 ; $D_3$, 0.4 ; choline chloride, 500 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.01. Triplicate groups of the 50 fish averaging 4.25 g were fed one of four isoproteic ($47\%$) and isolipidic ($9\%$) experimental diets to satiation twice a day for 10 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein retention in fish fed the diet with vitamin premix-1 were significantly higher than those in fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). Moisture, protein and lipid contents of muscle and whole body were not affected by different dietary vitamin premix (P>0,05). These results indicate that premix-1 can be used to adequate supplemental vitamin premix in test diet containing fish meal as protein source for juvenile Korean rockfish.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.423-428
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• 2000

In 1997 when cloned sheep Dolly and soon after Polly were born, it had become head-line news because in the former the nucleus that gave rise to the lamb came from cells of six-year-old adult sheep and in the latter case a foreign gene was inserted into the donor nucleus to make the cloned sheep produce human protein, factor IX, in e milk. In the last few years, once the realm of science fiction, cloned mammals especially in livestock have become almost commonplace. What the press accounts often fail to convey, however, is that behind every success lie hundreds of failures. Many of the nuclear-transferred egg cells fail to undergo normal cell divisions. Even when an embryo does successfully implant in the womb, pregnancy often ends in miscarriage. A significant fraction of the animals that are born die shortly after birth and some of those that survived have serious developmental abnormalities. Efficiency remains at less than one % out of some hundred attempts to clone an animal. These facts show that something is fundamentally wrong and enormous hurdles must be overcome before cloning becomes practical. Cloning researchers now tent to put aside their effort to create live animals in order to probe the fundamental questions on cell biology including stem cells, the questions of whether the hereditary material in the nucleus of each cell remains intact throughout development, and how transferred nucleus is reprogrammed exactly like the zygotic nucleus. Stem cells are defined as those cells which can divide to produce a daughter cell like themselves (self-renewal) as well as a daughter cell that will give rise to specific differentiated cells (cell-differentiation). Multicellular organisms are formed from a single totipotent stem cell commonly called fertilized egg or zygote. As this cell and its progeny undergo cell divisions the potency of the stem cells in each tissue and organ become gradually restricted in the order of totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. The differentiation potential of multipotent stem cells in each tissue has been thought to be limited to cell lineages present in the organ from which they were derived. Recent studies, however, revealed that multipotent stem cells derived from adult tissues have much wider differentiation potential than was previously thought. These cells can differentiate into developmentally unrelated cell types, such as nerve stem cell into blood cells or muscle stem cell into brain cells. Neural stem cells isolated from the adult forebrain were recently shown to be capable of repopulating the hematopoietic system and produce blood cells in irradiated condition. In plants although the term$\boxDr$ stem cell$\boxUl$is not used, some cells in the second layer of tunica at the apical meristem of shoot, some nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac, and initial cells of adventive buds are considered to be equivalent to the totipotent stem cells of mammals. The telomere ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes cannot be replicated because the RNA primer at the end of a completed lagging strand cannot be replaced with DNA, causing 5' end gap. A chromosome would be shortened by the length of RNA primer with every cycle of DNA replication and cell division. Essential genes located near the ends of chromosomes would inevitably be deleted by end-shortening, thereby killing the descendants of the original cells. Telomeric DNA has an unusual sequence consisting of up to 1,000 or more tandem repeat of a simple sequence. For example, chromosome of mammal including human has the repeating telomeric sequence of TTAGGG and that of higher plant is TTTAGGG. This non-genic tandem repeat prevents the death of cell despite the continued shortening of chromosome length. In contrast with the somatic cells germ line cells have the mechanism to fill-up the 5' end gap of telomere, thus maintaining the original length of chromosome. Cem line cells exhibit active enzyme telomerase which functions to maintain the stable length of telomere. Some of the cloned animals are reported prematurely getting old. It has to be ascertained whether the multipotent stem cells in the tissues of adult mammals have the original telomeres or shortened telomeres.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.8
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• pp.41-50
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• 1968

In order to achieve efficiency of laying eggs of silkworms, it is very important to eliminate noncocooning silkworms. This study is written on the basis of observation and analysis of mechanism of silkworms physiologically and anatomically. It is hoped that given herein will contribute to the effecting elimination work. Outline of the study summarize as follows: 1. It is observed through microscope that the silkworms which are seen normal state in the silk gland but no ability of cocoon making have polyhedrosis in the nerve, trachea and muscle near the tissue of the spinneret. 2. Relatively high proportion of non-cocooning silkworms are caused by the grasserie of the silkworms. 3. As a result of inoculation with purulent discharges against silkworms from first fooding through 8th day of 5th instar, number of cocooning silkworms were increased when inoculation are applied at laterer day of the instar. In the case of non-cocooning silkworms, meanwhile, resulted not big varriation when it is apllied in the early and middle of the period, but number of non-cocooning silkworm was reduced when the inoculation are given at laterer of the instar. Number of death during rearing and mounting are increased when earliest application of inoculation are carried out. 4. Symptom of grasserie was appeared more or less three days after application of the inoculation. Some silkworms which were inoculated just before mounting has ability of cocooning making even taken grasserie, in this case the silkworm can make thin cocoon. since the silkworm fall sick during cocoon making and unable of spinning soon. when the worm was affected by grasserie slightly, it was observed that the silkworm can spinning. It is supposed to be the light paralysis of spinneret is not very much influenced to spinning. 5. As a result of observation of original stock and hybrid including other 44 kinds of silkworm, many non-cocooning silkworms were found in the original stock especially originated from japanese than in hybrid. 6. A number of undulations are found in the middle division of the silk gland of non-cocooning silkworms. 7. According to the observation of the sizes of the body and digestive organs, normal natured silkworms and non-cocooning silkworms are more or less same in length, but the width, circumference of bodies and digestive organs were more larger in the later. If silkworm which was in the period of active eating of 5th instar was given shock of dropping to the floor, the silkworm receives little more shock when hit to side of the body than to head, and concrete floor than ondol and wooden floor.