• Title/Summary/Keyword: Multiple cracks

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Relationship of box counting of fractured rock mass with Hoek-Brown parameters using particle flow simulation

  • Ning, Jianguo;Liu, Xuesheng;Tan, Yunliang;Wang, Jun;Tian, Chenglin
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • v.9 no.5
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    • pp.619-629
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    • 2015
  • Influenced by various mining activities, fractures in rock masses have different densities, set numbers and lengths, which induce different mechanical properties and failure modes of rock masses. Therefore, precisely expressing the failure criterion of the fractured rock influenced by coal mining is significant for the support design, safety assessment and disaster prevention of underground mining engineering subjected to multiple mining activities. By adopting PFC2D particle flow simulation software, this study investigated the propagation and fractal evolution laws of the micro cracks occurring in two typical kinds of rocks under uniaxial compressive condition. Furthermore, it calculated compressive strengths of the rocks with different confining pressures and box-counting dimensions. Moreover, the quantitative relation between the box-counting dimension of the rocks and the empirical parameters m and s in Hoek-Brown strength criterion was established. Results showed that with the increase of the strain, the box-counting dimension of the rocks first increased slowly at the beginning and then exhibited an exponential increase approximately. In the case of small strains of same value, the box-counting dimensions of hard rocks were smaller than those of weak rocks, while the former increased rapidly and were larger than the latter under large strain. The results also presented that there was a negative correlation between the parameters m and s in Hoek-Brown strength criterion and the box-counting dimension of the rocks suffering from variable mining activities. In other words, as the box-counting dimensions increased, the parameters m and s decreased linearly, and their relationship could be described using first order polynomial function.

A Study on Road Traffic Volume Survey Using Vehicle Specification DB (자동차 제원 DB를 활용한 도로교통량 조사방안 연구)

  • Ji min Kim;Dong seob Oh
    • The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.93-104
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    • 2023
  • Currently, the permanent road traffic volume surveys under Road Act are conducted using a intrusive Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC) equipments to classify 12 categories of vehicles. However, intrusive AVC equipment inevitably have friction with vehicles, and physical damage to sensors due to cracks in roads, plastic deformation, and road construction decreases the operation rate. As a result, accuracy and reliability in actual operation are deteriorated, and maintenance costs are also increasing. With the recent development of ITS technology, research to replace the intrusive AVC equipment is being conducted. However multiple equipments or self-built DB operations were required to classify 12 categories of vehicles. Therefore, this study attempted to prepare a method for classifying 12 categories of vehicles using vehicle specification information of the Vehicle Management Information System(VMIS), which is collected and managed in accordance with Motor Vehicle Management Act. In the future, it is expected to be used to upgrade and diversify road traffic statistics using vehicle specifications such as the introduction of a road traffic survey system using Automatic Number Plate Recognition(ANPR) and classification of eco-friendly vehicles.

Research on Bridge Maintenance Methods Using BIM Model and Augmented Reality (BIM 모델과 증강현실을 활용한 교량 유지관리방안 연구)

  • Choi, Woonggyu;Pa Pa Win Aung;Sanyukta Arvikar;Cha, Gichun;Park, Seunghee
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2024
  • Bridges, which are construction structures, have increased from 584 to 38,405 since the 1970s. However, as the number of bridges increases, the number of bridges with a service life of more than 30 years increases to 21,737 (71%) by 2030, resulting in fatal accidents due to basic human resource maintenance of facilities. Accordingly, the importance of bridge safety inspection and maintenance measures is increasing, and the need for decision-making support for supervisors who manage multiple bridges is also required. Currently, the safety inspection and maintenance method of bridges is to write down damage, condition, location, and specifications on the exterior survey map by hand or to record them by taking pictures with a camera. However, errors in notation of damage or defects or mistakes by supervisors are possible, typos, etc. may reduce the reliability of the overall safety inspection and diagnosis. To improve this, this study visualizes damage data recorded in the BIM model in an AR environment and proposes a maintenance plan for bridges with a small number of people through maintenance decision-making support for supervisors.

Life assessment of monitoring piezoelectric sensor under high temperature at high-level nuclear waste repository (고준위방사성폐기물 처분장 고온 환경 조건에 대한 모니터링용 피에조 센서의 수명 평가)

  • Changhee Park;Hyun-Joong Hwang;Chang-Ho Hong;Jin-Seop Kim;Gye-Chun Cho
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.509-523
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    • 2023
  • The high-level nuclear waste (HLW) repository is exposed to complex environmental conditions consisting of high temperature, high humidity, and radiation, resulting in structural deterioration. Therefore, structural health monitoring is essential, and piezo sensors are used to detect cracks and estimate strength. However, since the monitoring sensors installed in the disposal tunnel and disposal container cannot be replaced or removed, the quantitative life of the monitoring sensor and its suitability must be assessed. In this study, the life of a piezo sensor for monitoring was assessed using an accelerated life test (ALT). The failure mode and mechanism of the piezo sensor under high temperature conditions were determined, and temperature stress's influence on the piezo sensor's life was analyzed. ALT was conducted on temperature stress and the relationship between temperature stress and piezo sensor life was suggested. The life of the piezo sensor was assessed using the Weibull probability distribution and the Arrhenius acceleration model. The suggested relationship can be used in multiple stress ALT designs for more precise life assessment.

Analysis of Settlement Characteristics of Block Pavement in Port Through Field Tests (현장시험을 통한 항만 구역 내 블록 포장의 침하 특성 분석)

  • Ha, Yong-Soo;Kim, Yun-Tae;Oh, Myounghak
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.44 no.2
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    • pp.203-214
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    • 2024
  • Ports often suffer pavement damage due to soft ground and heavy equipment operations, leading to issues such as differential settlement and cracks. In this study, we developed port concrete blocks and applied them to a port in two configurations to figure out settlement characteristics. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests on asphalt pavement and block pavements were conducted to figure out deflection and bearing capacity. The block pavement with the cement treated base showed improved bearing capacity with the port operation since lower settlements were detected than asphalt pavement. In the cement treated base, the relative deflection ratio to asphalt concrete pavement was less than 1, indicating enhanced bearing capacity. LiDAR measurements identified multiple settlements in the crushed-stone base due to surface loads after construction. Both relative deflection ratio and LiDAR measurements suggested that block pavement can be widely applied to various port sites with its applicability and bearing capacity of cement-treated base.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Electrochemical Characteristic on Hydrogen Intercalation into the Interface between Electrolyte of the 0.1N H2SO4and Amorphous Tungsten Oxides Thin Film Fabricated by Sol-Gel Method (졸-겔법으로 제조된 비정질의 텅스텐 산화물 박막과 황산 전해질 계면에서 일어나는 수소의 층간 반응에 대한 전기화학적 특성)

  • Kang, Tae-Hyuk;Min, Byoung-Chul;Ju, Jeh-Beck;Sohn, Tae-Won;Cho, Won-Il
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.7 no.6
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    • pp.1078-1086
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    • 1996
  • The peroxo-polytungstic acid was formed by the direct reaction of tungsten powder with the hydrogen peroxide solution. Peroxo-polytungstic powder were prepared by rotary evaporator using the fabricated on to ITO coated glass as substrate by dip-coating method using $2g/10mL(W-IPA/H_2O)$ sol solution. A substrate was dipped into the sol solution and after a meniscus had settled, the substrate was withdrawn at a constant rate of the 3mm/sec. Thicker layer could be built up by repeated dipping/post-treatment 15 times cycles. The layers dried at the temperature of $65{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ during the withdrawn process, and then tungsten oxides thin film was formed by final heating treatment at the temperature of $230{\sim}240^{\circ}C$ for 30min. A linear rotation between the thickness of thin film and the number of dipping/post-treatment cycles for tungsten oxides thin films made by dip-coating was found. The thickness of thin film had $60{\AA}$ after one dipping. From the patterns of XRD, the structure of tungsten oxides thin film identified as amorphous one and from the photographs of SEM, the defects and the moderate cracks were observed on the tungsten oxides thin film, but the homogeneous surface of thin films were mostly appeared. The electrochemical characteristic of the $ITO/WO_3$ thin film electrode were confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry and the cathodic Tafel polaization method. The coloring bleaching processes were clearly repeated up to several hundreds cycles by multiple cyclic voltammetry, but the dissolved phenomenon of thin film revealed in $H_2SO_4$ solution was observed due to the decrease of the current densities. The diffusion coefficient was calculated from irreversible Randles-Sevick equation from the data obtained by the cyclic voltammetry with various scan rates.

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