• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2011

Objectives : The object of this study is to analyse about Low Back Pain's intensity according to dosage of Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture. Method : Three groups were made with 15 patients in Po-Hang Oriental Hospital, which is affiliates to Daegu Haany University. They were observed August 1st, 2010 to September 30th. 2010. Each group was treated by based on acupuncture, herb and other therapy and differential dosage of Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture 0,4, 0.8, and 1.2cc. We had measured pain threshold and Visual Analog Scale during first week of their admission. The statistical analysis was performed by using the oneway ANOVA and Tukey's test. Result : Change of VAS was not statistically significant. Change of pain threshold was statistically significant. Multiple comparisons of pain threshold between the group1,2 was not statistically significant. Multiple comparisons of pain threshold between the group1,3 and group2,3 was statistically significant. Conclusions : Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture 1.2cc was more effective than 0.4 and 0.8cc.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5370-5393
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• 2019

In this paper, we consider a two-way relay non-orthogonal multiple access (TWR-NOMA) system with residual hardware impairments (RHIs) and channel estimation errors (CEEs), where two group users exchange their information via the decode-and-forward (DF) relay by using NOMA protocol. To evaluate the performance of the considered system, exact analytical expressions for the outage probability of the two groups users are derived in closed-form. Moreover, the asymptotic outage behavior in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime is examined and the diversity order is derived and discussed. Numerical simulation results verify the accuracy of theoretical analyses, and show that: i) RHIs and CEEs have a deleterious effects on the outage probabilities; ii) CEEs have significant effects on the performance of the near user; iii) Due to the RHIs, CEEs, inter-group interference and intra-group interference, there exists error floors for the outage probability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.12 no.3 s.28
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• pp.309-318
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• 1988

The purposes of this study were: 1) to develop specific AIO variables(clothing variables) based on clothing behavior studies, 2) to segment apparel market by clothing variables, 3) to discribe the profile of each segment with clothing variables, lifestyle variables and demographic variables, 4) to Suggest effective strategies on apparel market of women's clothing. The Likert Type clothing questionnaires measured 6 aspects of clothing (fashion, conformity-individuality, practicality, aesthetics, modesty and brand consciousness & status symbols) dealing with activities, interests and opinions. In addition, lifestyle variables were measured with general AIO statements. The questionnaires were administered to 563 young women (students, career women and homemakers) living in Seoul. The data were analysed by factor analysis, ctustering analysis, multiple discriminant analysis, one-way ANOVA ana Duncan's multiple range test. The results of the study were as follow: 1) 4 factors emerged from factor analysis of clothing variables. Factor 1: lower interest in modesty and higher interest in aesthics, Factor 2: brand consciousness and status symbols, Factor 3: conformity, Factor4 : fashion. 2) Lifestyle variables clustered into 3 factors. Factor 1: positive social activity, Factor 2: family-oriented type, Factor S: materialism. 3) By cluster analysis of the 4 factors of the clothing variables, the apparel market of women's clothing was categorised into 3 segments (innovative aesthetics seeker group, brand and status symbols conscious group, clothing unconscious group). 4) The above three segmented groups were also significantly discriminated by lifestyle and demosraphic variables. 5) On the basis of the findings, effective marketing strategies of women's clothing were suggested.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.529-543
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• 2014

The objectives of this study were to perform a descriptive analysis to characterize and compare the sensory properties of commercial Makgeolli products as well as a cross-cultural comparison of the sensory descriptions of these products between two sensory panels (Korean and Japanese). The samples used in this study were seven different types of Makgeolli, which were commercial products. A total of 10 Korean and 7 Japanese panelists were selected in Korea. Each group was trained, and they identified product attributes and performed descriptive analyses independently. The Korean and Japanese panelists generated 34 and 28 sensory attributes, respectively, to describe appearance, odor/aroma, taste/flavor, texture, and after flavor of the products. There were significant differences among the samples for 24 attributes by Korean and 23 attributes by Japanese panelists. Although there was not a large difference in the number of descriptors between Korean and Japanese panels, the Korean panelists generated more various attributes associated with flavor than the Japanese panelists, and the attributes of Japanese panelists included references to non-food products such as rotten grass. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) was applied to the descriptive analysis data from the Korean and Japanese panels to delineate the associations between Makgeolli samples and their sensory characteristics. Both the Korean and Japanese panels clustered the JRM, JSM, KRM and KSM samples into one group and the CRM and BSM samples into another group. The ESM sample was distinguished from the other six samples. These results of the cross-cultural comparison suggest that comparative analyses of sensory profiles between cultures should be conducted regularly in future studies, and further research such as consumer acceptance tests should be conducted to determine the sensory characteristics that drive consumer acceptance of Makgeolli products in the context of increasing food product exports to other countries.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.33-48
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• 2018

The purposes of this study were to investigate the social instrumentality of appearance, appearance orientation, and cosmetics purchasing behaviors of Chinese male consumers, and to find differences in the cosmetics purchasing behaviors of the male consumer groups, which were segmented by the social instrumentality of appearance and appearance orientation. The subjects were 400 adult males in their 20s to 30s from Gillim province in China. The measurements consisted of the social instrumentality of appearance, appearance orientation, cosmetics purchasing behavior, and the subject' demographic attributes. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, $x^2$ test, multiple response analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple range test, using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, young Chinese male consumers had a high sense of the social instrumentality of appearance, but the tendency to invest time and effort to enhance their looks was still low. Second, on the basis of the social instrumentality of appearance and appearance orientation, young Chinese male consumers were classified into four groups (high involvement group, instrumentality group, orientation group, and low involvement group). Third, the four male consumer groups revealed many significant differences in various cosmetic purchasing behaviors (purchasing items, information sources, product selection criteria, purchasing motives, purchasing locations, store selection criteria, purchasing price, purchasing frequency, and cosmetics improvements). Therefore, the social instrumentality of appearance and appearance orientation are seen as significant variables to effectively segment the Chinese male consumer market. The cosmetics companies targeting young Chinese men need to establish differentiated marketing strategies, considering the characteristics of each segment of the consumer market.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.383-394
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• 2023

Purpose : This study focuses on improvements in cell broadcast service(CBS) with consideration of socially vulnerable groups, and identifies service factors necessary for elderly people in particular. Method : Multiple regression analysis was applied to test overall satisfaction with cell broadcast service as the dependent variable and each of the service factors as the independent variable. Result : The results showed that fast delivery had the greatest effect on overall satisfaction with cell broadcast service in both groups, followed by the delivery of sufficient content for the elderly group and system quality for the non-elderly group. The results demonstrated that the elderly group cared more about information content, while the non-elderly group considered functions such as system quality and text message transmission criteria more important. Conclusion : Elderly people consider the delivery of sufficient information important as well as fast delivery, which suggests that it is necessary when sending cell broadcast service to give consideration to the characteristics of elderly people, as they tend to have weaker understanding and thinking abilities than the non-elderly.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.721-729
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• 2012

This paper aimed to investigate the influence of consumer lifestyle on consumer selection of bakery cafe attributes. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire by 403 random consumers between the ages 20s and 30s in several bakery cafes in Seoul and Gyonggi area. Different methods of statistical analysis had been used such as frequency analysis, factor analysis, k-means clustering analysis, cross tabulation, one way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test with SPSS for Window 13.0 package. First, when analyzing the 16 questions of comsumer lifestyles, four factors were extracted: 'dining out-oriented factor', 'achievement-oriented factor', 'brand-oriented factor', and 'health-oriented factor'. Second, the respondents were divided into three groups by k-means cluster analysis: no interest group, dining-out & value oriented group, and health-brand oriented group. Third, consumer's bakery cafe attributes were categorized into five factors including 'food', 'convenience and image', 'store promotion', 'positive dining experience', and 'menu & merchandises'. Finally when analyzing the differences in the selection of bakery cafe attributes according to consumer's lifestyles, it showed a significant differences.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.935-945
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• 1999

The factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) of 103 rural women aged 30 to 76 years were investigated. Data for food and nutrient intake was obtained by 24-hour recall method. BMD of lumbar spine(L1-L4), femoral neck, ward's triangle and trochanter was measured by XR-series x-ray bone densitometer. Serum was collected and analyzed for total Ca, P and ionized Ca (Ca++)content. Relationship between the factors and BMDs was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient(r) and multiple regression analysis. The results are summarized as follows. 50% of the subjects under 50 years of age($\leq$49 yr group) and 86.4% of the subjects from 50 up($\geq$50yr group) were classified as osteopenia or osteoporosis. Mean body weight, height and BMI were 153.1cm, 59.1kg and 25.0kg/$m^2$ in $\leq$49 yr group and 151.9cm, 55.9kg, and 24.2kg/$m^2$ in $\geq$50 yr group. BMDs of lumbar spines and femurs ranged from 0.84 to 1.05g/$m^2$ and from 0.67 to 1.16g/$m^2$ in $\leq$49 yr group, and ranged from 0.67 to 0.85kg/$m^2$ and from 0.68 to 0.44g/$m^2$ in $\geq$50 yr group, respectively. On the whole, the BMDs were reduced to 83.8 to 94.2% of peck bone mass in $\leq$49 yr group and 55.2 to 78.9% of those in $\geq$50 yr group. Mean daily intake of Ca was much less than the Korean RDA, \67.2% in $\leq$49 yr group and 62.3% in $\geq$50 yr group. The average concentration of total Ca, P and Ca++ in serum were within normal range in both age group. Both age and height were significantly related with BMD in both age group but the relationship tended to be stronger in $\geq$50 yr group than in $\leq$49 yr group. Body weight was also a potent determinant of BMD only in 50 yr group. In $\leq$49 yr group, total food intake was positively related with BMDs of ward's triangle, L1 and L2 and intake of cereals and grain products, sugars and sweets, milk and dairy products was positively related with BMDs measured in this study. On the contrary, intake of eggs, oil and fats were positively related with a few BMDs in 50 yr group. The BMDs were positively affected by intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, Ca, P and Fe in $\leq$49 yr group and those of protein, fat Ca, P, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and vitamin C in $\geq$50 yr group. It was noteworthy that serum Ca++ concentration was positively related with BMDs of lumbar spine in boty age groups. According to multiple regression analysis, the four factors, age, body weight, height and BMI additionally accounted for 21% of the variance in BMD of trochanter in $\leq$49 yr group and only two factors, age and C a intake accounted for 38% of that of femoral neck in $\geq$50 yr group. Further investigation is necessary to make sure of the relations between BMD and serum Ca++ level.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.243-246
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• 2003

Data mining is a process of discovering useful patterns for decision making from an amount of data. It has recently received much attention in a wide range of business and engineering fields Classifying a group into subgroups is one of the most important subjects in data mining Tree-based methods, known as decision trees, provide an efficient way to finding classification models. The primary concern in tree learning is to minimize a node impurity, which is evaluated using a target variable in the data set. However, there are situations where multiple target variables should be taken into account, for example, such as manufacturing process monitoring, marketing science, and clinical and health analysis. The purpose of this article is to present several methods for measuring the node impurity, which are applicable to data sets with multiple target variables. For illustrations, numerical examples are given with discussion.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.105-117
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were 1) to classify adult consumers according to their desired clothing benefits on natural-dyed clothes, 2) to identify the differences of life-style among the classified groups, and 3) to determine the interest in Korean traditional culture, interest in dyeing, and demographics among the groups. The survey subjects were 283 adults. The data were analyzed utilizing factor analysis, cluster analysis, $x^2$-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan test and multiple regression analysis. Based on the 6 dimensions of clothing benefits that were identified by factor analysis, adult consumers were classified into three clusters: eco-friendly oriented group showing the highest scores in environment conservation and comfort in clothing benefits, individuality-oriented group showing the highest scores in individuality and quality, and indifference group showing lower scores in all of the desired clothing benefits. The eco-friendly group showed the highest scores in attitude toward Korean traditional culture, and tended to have the most interest in natural and traditional methods of dyeing. The group members appeared to have passive life-styles, be older and married, and have a higher income than the other groups. The more positive attitude they had in Korean traditional culture, the higher was the purchase intention shown in the eco-friendly group. The individuality-oriented group showed active life-styles. This group tended to be younger than the other group. The more affirmative attitude in Korean traditional culture and the greater interest in the natural dyeing, the higher was the consumers' purchase intention of natural dyeing apparels. The indifference group tended to be younger, unmarried, and have a lower income. This group was not interested in natural dyeing apparels. The study findings demonstrated that consumers with different clothing benefits sought have different buying patterns on natural dyeing apparels. Finally the marketing implications are discussed.