• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.726-741
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• 2013

Malling culture, which refers to the enjoyment of shopping in multi-complex malls with shopping, cultural, and leisure facilities, has emerged as a major trend in society. However, few studies have researched malling culture in depth. This study classified people who go to multi-complex shopping malls as belonging to the baby-boom generation, X-generation, or Y-generation to investigate consumer culture in malls, with an emphasis on user satisfaction and entertainment experiences. Consumers who had shopped in a multi-complex shopping mall during the last 6 months were surveyed. Data were collected through a research company, and responses from 417 subjects were used in the analysis. Among the 417 subjects, 130 were baby-boomers, 136 were from the X-generation, and 151 were from the Y-generation. Investigating the components of multi-complex shopping malls that stimulate entertainment experiences, this study found that exploratory, emotional, and leisure experiences were enhanced when users were more satisfied with the image, atmosphere, and events of shopping malls. In addition, mall image and atmosphere contributed to the improvement of social experiences. With regard to generation, baby-boomers and subjects from the X-generation were generally more satisfied with mall atmosphere, image, and events and had more exploratory and leisure experiences. This study holds significance in that it examined malling culture from a wider perspective than simply the younger generation and presented scholarly and marketing implications based on insights into generational malling culture.

• Journal of Gynecologic Oncology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.87.1-87.4
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• 2018

Objective: Upper paraaortic lymph node dissection (UPALD) to the infrarenal level is one of the most challenging robotic procedures. Because robotic system has the limitation in robotic arm mobility. This surgical video introduces a novel robotic approach, lower pelvic port placement (LP3), to perform optimally and simultaneously both UPALD and pelvic procedures in gynecologic cancer patients using da Vinci Xi system. Methods: The patient presented with high-grade endometrial cancer. She underwent robotic surgical staging operation. For the setup of the LP3, a line was drown between both anterior superior iliac spines. At 3 cm below this line, another line was drown and four robotic ports were placed on this line. Results: After paraaortic lymph node dissection (PALD) was completed, the boom of robotic system was rotated $180^{\circ}$ to retarget for the pelvic lateral displacement. Robotic ports were placed and docked again. The operation was completed robotically without any complication. Conclusion: The LP3 was feasible for performing simultaneously optimal PALD as well as procedures in pelvic cavity in gynecologic cancer patients. The advantage of LP3 technique is the robotic port placement that affords for multi-quadrant surgery, abdominal and pelvic dissection. The LP3 is facilitated by utilizing advanced technology of Xi system, including the patient clearance function, the rotating boom, and 'port hopping' that allows using every ports for a camera. The LP3 will enable surgeons to extend the surgical indication of robotic surgical system in the gynecologic oncologic field.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.419-422
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• 2003

The hydraulic excavator has been a popular research object for automation because of its multi-workings and economic efficiency. The objective of this paper is to design each components and to construct boom, arm, bucket circuit. These models modeled with AMESim show us change of variables and behavior of excavator. Simulation model will be used for simulator of excavator.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.373-379
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• 2001

When a train runs into a tunnel at high-speed, aerodynamic drag suddenly increases and the booming noise is generated at the exit of tunnel. The noise shape is very important to reduce the aerodynamic drag in tunnel as well as on open ground, and the micro-pressure wave that is a source of booming noise is dependent on nose shape, especially on area distribution. In this study, the nose shape has been optimized employing the response surface methodology and the axi-symmetric compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The optimal designs have been executed imposing various conditions of the aerodynamic drag and the micro-pressure wave on object functions. The results show that the multi-objective design was successful to decrease micro-pressure wave and aerodynamic drag of trains.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.377-386
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• 2020

Beginning a few decades ago, Baku, the capital city of Azerbaijan, has experienced a dramatic construction boom that is revitalizing its skyline. The expansive growth looks to uphold the historic past of Baku as a focal point within the Caspian Sea Region while also evoking aspirations for a city of the future. With superstructure complete and interiors progressing, the Ministry of Taxation (MOT) tower is the latest addition to the city, with its stacked cubes twisting above a multi-level podium at the base. Each cube is separated by column-free green roof terraces, creating unique parametric reveals of the developing surroundings. Aside from MOT's stunning shape, its geolocation resulted in unusually high wind loads coupled with high seismic hazards for a tower of its height. In addition, limitations on possible structural systems required stepping away from a typical prescriptive code-based approach into one that utilized Performance-Based Design (PBD) methods. This paper presents the numerous structural challenges and innovations that allowed the design of a new icon to be realized.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1-16
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• 2018

Recent development of lithium ion batteries for vehicles industries have led to a boom in lithium exploration and development for the new generation of batteries. One of the cheapest sources of lithium is the brines hosted in the aquifers of the arid intermontane-closed salar basins. Because the resource is a fluid, with the attendant problems of in-aquifer mixing, reorganization, and lower recovery factors compared with most metalliferous and industrial mineral deposits due to reliance on pumping of the brine from wells for extraction, existing codes for filing resource and reserve estimates require new approach for these prospects. Evaluation of brine resources is complex and requires participation of a variety of qualified experts such as hydrogeologists, geologists, geochemists and chemical engineers. The technical reports disclosing the results of these estimates should reflect the inputs of multi-disciplinary approaches. The requirements for brine resource and reserve evaluation, drawing on several examples from the experiences in the Central Andes are reviewed in this paper.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2018

Many recent satellites have mission periods longer than 10 years; thus, satellite-based local space weather monitoring is becoming more important than ever. This article describes the instruments and data applications of the Korea Space wEather Monitor (KSEM), which is a space weather payload of the GeoKompsat-2A (GK-2A) geostationary satellite. The KSEM payload consists of energetic particle detectors, magnetometers, and a satellite charging monitor. KSEM will provide accurate measurements of the energetic particle flux and three-axis magnetic field, which are the most essential elements of space weather events, and use sensors and external data such as GOES and DSCOVR to provide five essential space weather products. The longitude of GK-2A is $128.2^{\circ}E$, while those of the GOES satellite series are $75^{\circ}W$ and $135^{\circ}W$. Multi-satellite measurements of a wide distribution of geostationary equatorial orbits by KSEM/GK-2A and other satellites will enable the development, improvement, and verification of new space weather forecasting models. KSEM employs a service-oriented magnetometer designed by ESA to reduce magnetic noise from the satellite in real time with a very short boom (1 m), which demonstrates that a satellite-based magnetometer can be made simpler and more convenient without losing any performance.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.455-464
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• 2012

This study investigates a 12 month-lead predictability of PNU Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM) V1.1 hindcast, for which an oceanic data assimilated initialization is used to generate ocean initial condition. The CGCM, a participant model of APEC Climate Center (APCC) long-lead multi-model ensemble system, has been initialized at each and every month and performed 12-month-lead hindcast for each month during 1980 to 2011. The 12-month-lead hindcast consisted of 2-5 ensembles and this study verified the ensemble averaged hindcast. As for the sea-surface temperature concerns, it remained high level of confidence especially over the tropical Pacific and the mid-latitude central Pacific with slight declining of temporal correlation coefficients (TCC) as lead month increased. The CGCM revealed trustworthy ENSO prediction skills in most of hindcasts, in particular. For atmospheric variables, like air temperature, precipitation, and geopotential height at 500hPa, reliable prediction results have been shown during entire lead time in most of domain, particularly over the equatorial region. Though the TCCs of hindcasted precipitation are lower than other variables, a skillful precipitation forecasts is also shown over highly variable regions such as ITCZ. This study also revealed that there are seasonal and regional dependencies on predictability for each variable and lead.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

An overload limiter is used to prevent its overturning accident during an operation of a movable crane. Recently the indirect measuring method, which measures hoisting load and overturning moment of overload limiter, demands instead of the existing method, which measures only hoisting load. The indirectly measuring method is how to conduct the hoisting load and overturning moment as measuring the load of hydraulic cylinder for a luffing driving of boom. So we need to develop the multi-angular pin type load cell with the measuring angle of ${\pm}10$ degree instead of the existing load cell with the measuring angle of ${\pm}2$ degree. In this study the finite element analysis is conducted to evaluate the effect of the aspect ratio of measuring cross section on the measuring limit of the load cell to develop the many-angular pin type load cell. For this investigation, the aspect ratio of measuring cross section and load applying angle were adopted as design parameters and the stresses of measuring part were evaluated for each parameter.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.221-240
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• 2023

Purpose - This paper investigates how business cycle impacts on corporate credit spreads since global financial crisis. Furthermore, it tests how the impact changes by the phase of the cycle. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected dataset from Barclays Global Aggregate Bond Index through the Bloomberg. It conducted multi-regression analysis by projecting business cycle using Hodrick-Prescott filtering and various cyclical variables, while ran dynamic analysis of 5-variable Vector Error Correction Model to confirm the robustness of the test. Findings - First, it proves to be statistically significant that corporate credit spreads have moved countercyclicaly since the crisis. Second, It indicates that the corporate credit spread's countercyclicality to the macroeconomic changes works symmetrically by the phase of the cycle. Third, the VECM supports that business cycle's impact on the spreads maintains more sustainably than other explanatory variable does in the model. Research implications or Originality - It becomes more appealing to accurately measure the real economic impact on corporate credit spreads as the interaction between credit and business cycle deepens. The economic impact on the spreads works symmetrically by boom and bust, which implies that the market stress could impact as another negative driver during the bust. Finally, the business cycle's sustainable impact on the spreads supports the fact that the economic recovery is the key driver for the resilience of credit cycle.