• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.36-44
• /
• 1979

Those studies were examined rearing two varieties on Japanese descent and two varieties of Chinese descent by feeding polluted mulberry leaves, non-polluted ones and water-cleaned ones respectively to find effects of air-pollution on the economic characters of silkworms and analysis of contents of Sulphur and Cadmium in the mulberry leaves and silkworms as followings; 1) Japanese descent of polluted part was delayed about 2.5 days than non-polluted part, Chinese descent was delayed about 4 days or inequal and water-cleaned part was medium in the silkworm larval duration. 2) Results of maximum weight of 5th instal, cocoon layer weight and cocoon weight were decreased in due order non-polluted, water-cleaned and polluted in the factors of mulberry 3) Pupal ratio of Japanese descent was not shown statistical significance, but Chinese descent was revealed it obviously in the factors of mulberry leaves. 4) In the resistance of polluted mulberry leaves, Chinese descent was feeble obviously than Japanese and there were some difference even through among the same varieties. 5) The content of S and Cd of polluted area mulberry leaves was increased about 30% respectively than non-polluted area. 6) The fed part of non-polluted mulberry leaves was S 0.41% and Cd 0.013 ppm water-cleaned part was S 0.47% and Cd 0.024 ppm and polluted part was S 0.52% and Cd 0.042 ppm in the contents of S and Cd of silkworm larvae. 7) The contents of S and Cd didn't make visible injury in mulberry leaves but made it seriously in silkworm larvae. 8) The injury of dust on mulberry leaves was more serious than that of quality of mulberry leaves by air-pollution in the economic characters of silkworm. 9) As above results, Chinese descent should avoid contaminated area and it rearing by water-cleaned mulberry leaves can get noticable results in inevitable case on selection of parents silkworm rearingzone.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 2004

The type of trichomes, their density and pattern of distribution on leaves of 16 genotypes of mulberry, belonging to both diploid and polyploid categories, were studied by scanning electron microscope. The present investigation was undertaken to find out the relationship of physical attributes, especially the density and trichome types with higher acceptability and better rearing performance by the silkworm Bombyx-mori L. Two types of trichomes glandular and non-glandular types were observed on both the leaf surfaces of all the mulberry genotypes studied. In general, greater densities of trichomes were observed on the abaxial surface than the adaxial surface of leaves in most of the genotypes. Distribution of glandular trichomes were more in abaxial surface and non-glandular trichomes were more in adaxial surface. Overall, distribution of glandular and non-glandular trichomes per unit area of leaf did not follow any regular pattern. When leaves of those genotypes were fed to silkworms, trichome density was found to be significantly negatively correlated with the survival of larvae i.e., effective rate of rearing, but trichome density did not influence the economic characters of rearing. As the distribution of glandular trichomes (GT) and non-glandular trichomes (NGT) did not follow any definite pattern, no relation could be established between the GT and NGT densities with silkworm rearing performance. However, the ratio of GT and NGT in a particular genotype influenced the rearing parameters, higher the ratios better the rearing performance. High GT and NGT ratio (＞1.00) was found positively significant when correlated with economic parameters viz., larval weight, single cocoon weight and single shell weight. The study is useful in screening different mulberry genotypes for their better acceptability to silk-worm and higher rearing performance at the early stage of selection without actually conducting the rearing.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.195-199
• /
• 2002

In order to find potential anticancer agents, we extracted pheophytin in the silkworm feces from various larval stages by water, chloroform and methanol extraction. The cytotoxicity of the pheophytin extracts of various silkworm feces was measured in the CT-26 cells originated from murine metastatic colon cancer, by dye uptake assay. The cytotoxicity of those pheophytins in 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars was better than remaining larval stages. The in vitro anticoagulant and fibyinolytic activities of ethanol extract from varietal mulberry leaves, mulberry branches and silkworm feces and pheophytin extracts from silkworm feces obtained at various larval stages were evaluated in order to find effective therapeutic drugs for the treatment of myocardial and cerebral thrombosis. The fibrinolytic activity was tested using the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) was measured for blood clotting activity. With regards to the fibrinolytic system, ethanol extracts of silkworm feces were better than varietal mulberry leaves and mulberry branches. The pheophytin extracts from 7th days of 5th instar contained the highest percentage of pheophytin and good fibrinolytic activity.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.114-118
• /
• 1997

Nicotinamide and GABA(${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid) contents in sericultural products, Mori Folium, Mori Fructus, Mori Cortex Radicis, silkworm podwer, Bombycis Exerementum and Bombycis Corpus were analyzed by HPLC. Nicotinamide content was higher in silkworm derived-products than in mulberry derived-products. Nicotinamide contained Bombycis Excrementum was the highest by 0.31 mg/g DW among the sericultural products. GABA content showed the highest by 1.68 mg/g DW in Mori Cortex Radicis among the sericultural products.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2005

Parthenogenesis in mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. acquires immense use in the development of outstanding homozygous lines with higher viability, hybrid vigour, combining ability and less phenotypic variability. It can serve as a powerful tool in controlling sex of the offsprings as well as a useful tool in selection. In fact India is the second largest silk producing country in the world next only to China and all the five types of natural silks viz., mulberry, oak tasar, tropical tasar, muga and eri are produced in India. However, little information is available on the role of artificial parthenogenesis in the development of superior silkworm breeds. This paper overviews some important studies carried out on artificial parthenogenesis, and outline of different types of parthenogenesis, methods of induction of artificial parthenogenesis, factors responsible for successful parthenogenetic development, cytogenetics of artificial parthenogenesis and role of artificial parthenogenesis in silkworm breeding. Besides, an attempt is made to describe briefly about parthenogenetic engineering which includes cloning in silkworm, artificial insemination, chimeras, hybridization, chromosomal substitution and recombinant DNA in silkworm.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.10-15
• /
• 1995

Genetic characterization of Sri Lankan silkworm bivoltine population has not been at-tempted so far, since its sporadic introduction of bivoltine strains into the island, starting from the 1950's. Genetic structure of Sri Lankan population of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori was investigated through estimation of general (GCA) and specific combining ability(SCA) and heritability(${h^2}_B$), on the economic quantitative characters from leading 8 inbreds and their 28 F1's in a half diallel cross, in an attempt to utilize the estimates in determination of future breeding methods and to predict the breeding value over the phenotypic value. It was found that the breeding population of the bivoltine silkworm in Sri Lanka has still maintained considerable amounts of additive gene action as well as nonadditive. For some time in the future, both breeding strategies of "selection without inbreeding" and also "inbreeding followed by crossing" should therefore be effective in genetic improvement of economic characters investigated. In addition, superior combiners in general and in specific F1′s were identified for each of 6 economic characters, to be immediately utilized in selection and also in cross breeding programs in Sri Lanka.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.207-210
• /
• 2004

Artificial diet (AD) has shown with different advantages over mulberry leaves (ML). Various types of such feed for silkworm have been developed and proposed. The aims of this study were possibility rearing whole instar of silkworm on AD and to find some economic formulation for rearing silkworm, compare to that ML. Eleven ADs (D$_1$ to D$_{11}$) were prepared with different percentage of mulberry leaf powder, and other ingredients such as soybean meal, cellulose, potato starch, agar, wheat flour, rice bran, etc. Five formulated diets (D$_1$ D$_2$, D$_{5}$, D$_{10}$ and D$_{11}$) appeared to have similar response to that ML (D$_{m}$). There were no significant differences for duration period between ADs, all of which recorded with higher duration than mulberry leaves. Compared to other died used in the present study D$_1$ and D$_{10}$ showed better growth development and survival rate. Larvae fed D$_1$, D$_2$, D$_{5}$, D$_{10}$ and D$_{11}$ grew faster and produced heavier and more useful cocoons.coons.coons.coons.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 2007

Ethanol extract of 20 botanicals in 3 concentrations i.e., 2.5%, 5% and 10% were evaluated for their efficacy to improve reproductive performance of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mod L.) through feeding botanical enriched mulberry leaves during $2^{nd}$ day of $4^{th}$ age as well as $1^{st}$ and $3^{rd}$ day of $5^{th}$ age larvae. The preliminary screening was done by ranking the botanicals based on influence in most important reproductive contributing parameters such as single cocoon weight, effective rate of rearing, pupation rate, fecundity and recovery of eggs/kg cocoon. Five botanicals viz., Asparagus recemosus, Achyranthes aspera, Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera, Parthenium histerophorus ranked first were further evaluated at 8% 5% and 3% concentrations to confirm their effectiveness and standardize effective concentration. Among the rearing parameters, mature larval weight, shell ratio and number of cocoons/kg were not significantly influenced by the treatments. However, reproductive parameters such as effective rate of rearing (wt), pupation rate (%), fecundity (No.) and egg recovery (g)/kg cocoon were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the botanicals. Higher fecundity and egg recovery were obtained on treatment with Withania somnifera irrespective of concentrations. However at 5% concentration, pupation rate, fecundity as well as egg recovery were found significantly higher than that of other concentrations, confirming its effectiveness for improving reproductive efficiency.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.235-239
• /
• 2003

The silkworm Bombyx mori L. was studied as the potential “host” of popular in Uzbekistan biocontrol ectoparasite, entomophagous Bracon hebetor Say. Being one of representatives of economic-beneficial insects, the silkworm (larvae, pupae and imago) can be used as highly sensitive test organism for revealing of neuro toxic effects of insects venom as well as of their purified components in screening assays. In comparative aspect, except a mulberry silkworm, representatives of Uzbekistan pests cotton-boll worm Helycoverpa armigera Hbn., lesser mulberry pyralid Glyphodes pyloalis Wlk., codling moth Corpocapsa pomonella L., malaria mosquito Anopheles claviger and Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say have been subjected to insect toxic test of bracon venom gland extract (VGE) and its fractions which were obtained by gel-chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The paralyzing effect of the VGE and its fractions was shown in a various degree on the pests.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 2020

Vermicompost, manure, compost and organic fertilization are ecofriendly. Nowadays, many products resulted from sericulture consumed by humans such as mulberry leaves, fruits, mulberry tea, silk and natural silk cosmetics. Soil applications of three treatments with vermicompost (0.5, 1 and 2 tons per 0.42 hectare) and recommended rate of mineral fertilizers of nitrogen phosphorus potassium were used for investigation. Impact of fertilization on mulberry plant traits of moisture, number of shoots/tree, total shoots length/tree, number of leaves/shoot, number of leaves/ (100g), leaf yield/tree and leaf yield of fadden/season were recorded. In addition the effect of fertilization on larval and cocoon characters of young instar duration, fifth instar duration, total larval duration, larval mortality percentage, weight of third instar larvae, weight of fourth instar larvae, weight of fifth instar larvae, fresh cocoon weight, fresh shell weight, pupae weight, cocoon shell ratio, silk productivity, cocooning percentage, pupation ratio, number of cocoons/ liter, crop cocoons by number, crop cocoons by weight, fecundity and fertility. Using vermicompost treatment was enhancing plant characters. Treatments of V₃, V₂ and V₁ were shortage young, fifth and larvae durations. Mostly feeding silkworm during the whole larval duration on treated mulberry leaves with vermicompost improving the traits average. Using vermicompost for fertilization by rate of V₃ and V₂ is better than others for cocoon characters for females and males.V₃ and V₂ of vermicompost per 0.42 hectare is recommended for rearing mulberry silkworm instead of mineral fertilization.