• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2008

Immunity is responsible for the defense mechanism of the body but in case of autoimmune diseases, its role gets diverted. Like so many other diseases, asthma is also considered as one of the most common autoimmune diseases to be occurring in community. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disease that is characterized by airway hyper reactivity and mucus hypersecretion that result in intermittent airway obstruction. The incidence of allergic asthma has almost doubled in the past two decades. Although, precise causative mechanism of asthma is unknown, but several mechanisms have been proposed that is immunological, pharmacological and genetic mechanisms, and airway and neurogenic inflammation. The inflammatory process observed in the asthmatic patients is the final result of a complex network of interactions between various immunological cell lineages, its mediators and secreted substances. Thus, among the mechanisms proposed, the immunological one plays a key role. Through this article, we have tried to provide some insight into immunological mechanisms in pathogenesis of asthma.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.368-381
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• 1991

한국산 육생민달팽이유(Limaxpouus와 상ciluria hhstoferi)의 체강벽을 배측부, 복측부 및 외투천 등 3부분으로 나누어 관찰하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1, Limaxpouus의 배측부 체강벽은 많은 모지상돌기 형 태의 근조직과 체강벽상피세포로 구성되어 있으나, 복측부 체강조은 많은 수의 중성점액질 형성세포와 근섬유들로만 형성되었다. 2. Incilaria hhstoferi의 배측부와 복측부는 공히 중성점액질 형성세포와 근섬유들로만 형성되고, 체강상피세포는 관찰되지 않았다. 3. Incilorlo jruhstor$\ulcorner$sri의 병투막측 체준벽은 불규칙한 모양의 단층 체강상피세포와 많은 근섬유로 구성되었다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2012

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG(ATCC 53103) is one of the best researched probiotic strains in the world. Studies in children have shown that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG effectively prevents early atopic disease in patients with high risk. The active molecules associated with the immunostimulatory sequence and anti-allergy effects of L. rhamnosus GG have not yet been identified. Unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial DNA have a mitogenic effect in mouse immune cells, CpG-containing ISS oligodeoxynucleotides are potent Th1 adjuvants, effective in both preventing and reversing Th2-biased immune deviation in allergy models. The genomic DNA of L. rhamnosus GG is a potent inducer of murine B cell and dendritic cell immunoactivation. In L. rhamnosus GG genomic DNA, ID35 shows high activity in ISS assays in both mice and humans. The effects of ID35 result from a unique TTTCGTT motif located at its 5'-end, and its effects are comparable with murine prototype CpG 1826. L. rhamnosus GG is known to secrete proteinaceous pili encoded by the spaCBA gene cluster. The presence of pili structures may be essential for its adhesion to human intestinal mucus, explaining the prolonged duration of intestinal residence of this bacterium, compared to that of non-piliated lactobacilli.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.425-430
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• 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may increase the risk of adverse outcomes in lung cancer patients. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of mucin 1 (MUC1) after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung epithelial cancer cell line Calu-3. MUC1 is a major constituent of the mucus layer in the respiratory tract and contributes to pathogen defense. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced MUC1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) expression in a STAT3 activation-dependent manner. Inhibition of MUC1-C signaling increased apoptosis-related protein levels and reduced proliferation-related protein levels; however, SARS-CoV-2 replication was not affected. Together, these results suggest that increased MUC1-C expression in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection may trigger the growth of lung cancer cells, and COVID-19 may be a risk factor for lung cancer patients.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.93-106
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• 1989

한국산 육생 민달팽의 표피상피세포 및 점액형성세포의 세포화학적 또는 미세구조적 연구를 위하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. I. 표피상피조직 민달팽이의 표피상피세포는 부위에 따라 외투, 족측상피조직으로 구분하였다. 이들 상피조직은 불규칙한 단층원주상 상피세포로 구성되었으며, 단층원주상 상피세포들은 감각상피세포, 지지상피세포, 점액형성세포 그리고 감각상피세포와 유사한 우명상피세포들로 각각 이루워져 있었다. 외투 및 족측상피조직에서는 감각상피세포와 지지상피세포가 관찰되고, 우명상피세포는 배측상피조직 사이에서만 관찰되었다. II. 점액과립 형성세포 산성점액과립 형성세포와 중성점액과립 형성세포들이 외투, 족측 그리고 배측의 불규칙한 단층원주상 상피세포 사이에서 관찰되었다. 이같은 점액과립 형성세포들의 수는 상피조직의 부위에 따라서 각각 다르게 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1278-1285
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• 2008

The intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) layer of the intestinal tract makes direct contact with a number of microbiota communities, including bacteria known to have deleterious health effects. IECs possess innate protective strategies against pathogenic challenge, which primarily involve the formation of a physicochemical barrier. Intestinal tract mucins are principal components of the mucus layer on epithelial surfaces, and perform a protective function against microbial damage. However, little is currently known regarding the interactions between probiotics/pathogens and epithelial cell mucins. The principal objective of this study was to determine the effects of Lactobacillus on the upregulation of MUC2 mucin and the subsequent inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 attachment to epithelial cells. In the current study, the attachment of E. coli O157:H7 to HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells was inhibited significantly by L. acidophilus A4 and its cell extracts. It is also important to note that the expression of MUC2 mucin was increased as the result of the addition of L. acidophilus A4 cell extracts (10.0 mg/ml), which also induced a significant reduction in the degree to which E. coli O157:H7 attached to epithelial cells. In addition, the mRNA levels of IL-8, IL-1$\beta$, and TNF-$\alpha$ in HT-29 cells were significantly induced by treatment with L. acidophilus A4 extracts. These results indicate that MUC2 mucin and cytokines are important regulatory factors in the immune systems of the gut, and that selected lactobacilli may be able to induce the upregulation of MUC2 mucin and specific cytokines, thereby inhibiting the attachment of E. coli O157:H7.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 2021

Airway mucus secretion is an essential innate immune response for host protection. However, overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus, mainly composed of the gel-forming MUC5AC protein, are significant risk factors for patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway negatively regulates MUC5AC expression; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we showed that TGFβ significantly reduces the expression of MUC5AC mRNA and its protein in NCI-H292 cells, a human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line. This reduced MUC5AC expression was restored by a TGFβ receptor inhibitor (SB431542), but not by the inhibition of NF-κB (BAY11-7082 or Triptolide) or PI3K (LY294002) activities. TGFβ-activated Smad3 dose-dependently bound to MUC5AC promoter. Notably, TGFβ-activated Smad3 recruited HDAC2 and facilitated nuclear translocation of HDAC2, thereby inducing the deacetylation of NF-κB at K310, which is essential for a reduction in NF-κB transcriptional activity. Both TGFβ-induced nuclear translocation of Smad3/HDAC2 and deacetylation of NF-κB at K310 were suppressed by a Smad3 inhibitor (SIS3). These results suggest that the TGFβ-activated Smad3/HDAC2 complex is an essential negative regulator for MUC5AC expression and an epigenetic regulator for NF-κB acetylation. Therefore, these results collectively suggest that modulation of the TGFβ1/Smad3/HDAC2/NF-κB pathway axis can be a promising way to improve lung function as a treatment strategy for asthma and COPD.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.589-594
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• 2013

In intestinal helminth infections, Th2 immune respones are generally associated with mucin secretion for worm expulsion from the host intestine. In particular, IL-4 and IL-13 are the important cytokines related with intestinal mucus production via STAT6 signalling in nematode infections. However, this perspective has never been studied in Gymnophalloides seoi infection. The present study aimed to observe the STAT6 signalling and cytokine responses in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse strain resistant to infection with this trematode. The results showed that worm expulsion occurred actively during days 1-2 post-infection (PI), when goblet cells began to proliferate in the small intestine. The STAT6 gene expression in the mouse spleen became remarkable from day 2 PI. Moreover, G. seoi infection induced a significant increase of IL-13 from day 4 PI in the spleen of infected mice. Our results suggested that goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion in G. seoi-infected mice should be induced by STAT6 signalling, in which IL-13 may be involved as a dominant triggering cytokine.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2010

Since 1998, a new viral disease with high mortality has been consistently recorded in Korea in cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio. In this study, we investigated an epizootic of the disease that caused high mortality rates in carp obtained from 11 farms in Korea between 1999 and 2007. Assessment of koi herpesvirus (KHV) levels in diseased carp was carried out to determine if this virus was the etiologic agent of disease in this instance. High mortality rates in carp were recorded mainly in the spring and autumn at water temperatures between $19^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. Diseased fish typically showed surface discoloration, with a thick opaque mucus covering the body and gills. Protozoan parasites and bacteria were recovered from 7/29 (24%) and 2/26 (8%) of fish, respectively. Evidence of viral infection was marked; cytopathic effects (CPEs), characterized by cell rounding and an extended cytoplasm in fathead minnow (FHM) cells, were detected in 40/41 fish (98%). A high mortality rate (80%) resulted when supernatants of cell cultures showing CPEs were applied to previously healthy fish. KHV was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 6/41 fish (15%), but was not detected in supernatants obtained from cell cultures showing CPEs. These results suggest that KHV may not be the etiologic agent of the high mortality occurring among cultured carp in Korea; therefore, some other-as yet unidentified-infective agent must be responsible.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.82-92
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• 2000

연구배경 : 만성기도질환에서 객담내 세포의 성상이 변화가 있다는 것은 이미 알려져 있으며 mucin의 분비가 증가한다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이나 임상적인 이용이 제한되어 왔다. 만성기도질환 환자의 객담내 세포성상과 임상적 특성을 단클론항체($HMO_2$)를 이용하여 측정 된 mucin이 상관관계가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 최근 개발된 mucin에 대한 단클론항체를 사용하여 만성기도질환환자를 대상으로 객담의 세포분석과 mucin의 양을 측정하였다. 자발적 배출된 객당과 고장성 생리식염수를 이용한 유도객담으로 얻은 검체를 처리하여 전체 세포수와 생존률을 측정하였으며 분별 검사를 하였다. 단클론항체 $HMO_2$가 객담내의 당단백인 mucin과 반응함을 확인하기 위하여 Western blot과 PAS 영색으로 검증하였다. 검증된 단클론항체를 이용하여 면역효소측정으로 mucin을 정량하였다. 또한 연구결과와 환자의 입상적인 특성과 상관관계를 규명하였다. 결과 : 기관지확장증에서 전체세포수가 천식과 만성기관지염에 비하여 유의한 증가를 보였으며 분별검사에서 천식 환자에서는 호산구외 증가를, 기관지확장증과 만성기관지염 환자에서는 호중구의 증가를 확인하였다. 환자의 임상적인 특징과 객담에서 측정된 전체 세포수와 생존률 그리고 세포분획과 비교에서 상관관계를 발견 할 수 없었다. 측정된 mucin은 질환별 차이는 발견할 수 없었으며 세포의 생존률과 mucin의 양과의 역상관관계를 확인할 수 있었으나, 그 밖의 다른 지표사이의 관련은 없었다. 결론 : 만성기도질환의 객담의 분석은 객관적인 질환별 감별 평가에 이용될 수 있는 가능성올 보여주고 있으며 객담내 mucin의 분비는 세포의 생존률이 영향을 주는 것으로 판단된다.