• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.5257-5261
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• 2012

Background: High incidence of breast cancer and its fatal effect has reached an alarming stage across the globe, including the third world countries. Many factors have been reported to be associated with the development of breast cancer but detailed structural and functional information is missing. CA 15-3 is one of the known potential tumor marker of breast cancer; however little is known about structure and functional site of this protein. Present study aims to investigate the functional role of CA 15-3 in breast cancer, especially in development and metastasis. Material and Methods: Hundred female breast cancer patients confirmed by histopathological reports were included in the study. Their physiological characters were recorded in a performa. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to estimate serum CA 15-3 level. Immunohistochemistry was done for estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and Her2/neu receptors expression. Results: The study revealed the details of physiological characteristics of female breast cancer. Mean age was $37.72{\pm}5.99$ and $55.05{\pm}7.28$ years and serum CA 15-3 (MUC1) level was $60.47{\pm}8.59$ and $63.17{\pm}4.58$ U/ml in pre and post-menopause respectively, and both groups of women had sedentary life style. Their receptor status especially of progesterone, estrogen and HER-2/neu were positive in 50% of premenopausal women and 65% of postmenopausal women. Conclusion: There are multiple physiological factors promoting breast cancer. High serum CA 15-3 level and hormonal imbalance of ER, PR and Her2/neu appears to be the main cause of breast cancer. It may be possible that the functional sites of these proteins may be altered which may increase the chances of metastasis in breast cancer.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 베트남인의 분변으로부터 분리한 유산균의 probiotics 특성을 연구하기 위해 형태학적, 생화학적 특성조사 및 내산성, 내담즙성이 뛰어난 6개의 균주를 선별하고 동정하였다. 6개의 균주의 16S rRNA 분석 결과, L. acidophilus V4, L. plantarum V7, V9, V10, V11, V12의 2개 group으로 동정되었다. 베트남인의 분변으로부터 분리한 유산균은 pH 1.5, 2.0, 3.0의 산성 및 담즙산(0.3% oxgall) 조건에서 내산성과 내담즙성을 측정한 결과, V4, V7, V9, V11, V12의 5개 균주에서 70% 이상의 우수한 내산성과 내담즙성을 확인하였다. 항산화 활성에서는 V4, V7이 상용균주인 L. paracasei BGP2와 비교하였을 때, 높은 항산화 활성을 보여 최종 2종을 한국전통식품으로부터 분리한 L. paracasei DK121와의 혼합균주 가능성을 알아보았다. 열 안정성 실험에서 V4, V7, DK121을 5:4:1(w/v)로 혼합한 혼합균주는 $55^{\circ}C$에서 5분 98.6%, 15분 76.4%, $65^{\circ}C$에서 5분 66%, 15분 63.8%로 단일균주보다는 낮은 생존율을 보였지만, 향후 적합한 혼합도간 연구를 통해 프로바이오틱 균주로서 충분한 가능성을 보여주었다. 장내 부착능에서는 선발균주 및 혼합균주 모두 상용균주와 비교했을 때 6.4 log CFU/g 이상으로 우수한 결합능을 보여 향후 내열성과 안정성을 갖는 우수한 균주라고 판단된다.

• Gut and Liver
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.682-693
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• 2018

Background/Aims: Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as ulcerative colitis. This dysfunction is caused by increased permeability and the loss of tight junctions in intestinal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether estradiol treatment reduces colonic permeability, tight junction disruption, and inflammation in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colon cancer mouse model. Methods: The effects of $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) were evaluated in ICR male mice 4 weeks after AOM/DSS treatment. Histological damage was scored by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the levels of the colonic mucosal cytokine myeloperoxidase (MPO) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate the effects of E2 on intestinal permeability, tight junctions, and inflammation, we performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the expression levels of mucin 2 (MUC2) and mucin 4 (MUC4) were measured as target genes for intestinal permeability, whereas zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), occludin (OCLN), and claudin 4 (CLDN4) served as target genes for the tight junctions. Results: The colitis-mediated induced damage score and MPO activity were reduced by E2 treatment (p<0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression levels of intestinal barrier-related molecules (i.e., MUC2, ZO-1, OCLN, and CLDN4) were decreased by AOM/DSS-treatment; furthermore, this inhibition was rescued by E2 supplementation. The mRNA and protein expression of inflammation-related genes (i.e., KLF4, NF-${\kappa}B$, iNOS, and COX-2) was increased by AOM/DSS-treatment and ameliorated by E2. Conclusions: E2 acts through the estrogen receptor ${\beta}$ signaling pathway to elicit anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal barrier by inducing the expression of MUC2 and tight junction molecules and inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• BMB Reports
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2018

The airway epithelium is the first place, where a defense mechanism is initiated against environmental stimuli. Mucociliary transport (MCT), which is the defense mechanism of the airway and the role of airway epithelium as mechanical barriers are essential in innate immunity. To maintain normal physiologic function, normal oxygenation is critical for the production of energy for optimal cellular functions. Several pathologic conditions are associated with a decrease in oxygen tension in airway epithelium and chronic sinusitis is one of the airway diseases, which is associated with the hypoxic condition, a potent inflammatory stimulant. We have observed the overexpression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), an essential factor for oxygen homeostasis, in the epithelium of sinus mucosa in sinusitis patients. In a series of previous reports, we have found hypoxia-induced mucus hyperproduction, especially by MUC5AC hyperproduction, disruption of epithelial barrier function by the production of VEGF, and down-regulation of junctional proteins such as ZO-1 and E-cadherin. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced inflammation by HMGB1 translocation into the cytoplasm results in the release of IL-8 through a ROS-dependent mechanism in upper airway epithelium. In this mini-review, we briefly introduce and summarize current progress in the pathogenesis of sinusitis related to hypoxia. The investigation of hypoxia-related pathophysiology in airway epithelium will suggest new insights on airway inflammatory diseases, such as rhinosinusitis for clinical application and drug development.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Cancer stem cells, which are known to drive tumor formation and maintenance, are a major obstacle in the effective treatment of various types of cancer. Trans-membrane glycoprotein mucin 1 antigen and cell surface glycogen CD44 antigen are well-known surface markers of breast cancer cells and breast cancer stem cells, respectively. To effectively treat cancer cells and cancer stem cells, we developed a new drug-encapsulating liposome conjugated with dual-DNA aptamers specific to the surface markers of breast cancer cells and their cancer stem cells. These two aptamer (Apt)-targeted liposomes, which were prepared to encapsulate doxorubicin (Dox), were named "Dual-Apt-Dox". Dual-Apt-Dox is significantly more cytotoxic to both cancer stem cells and cancer cells compared to liposomes lacking the aptamers. Furthermore, we demonstrated the inhibitory efficacy of Dual-Apt-Dox against the experimental lung metastasis of breast cancer stem cells and cancer cells in athymic nude mice. We also showed the potent antitumor effects of dual-aptamer-conjugated liposome systems by targeting cancer cells as well as cancer stem cells. Thus, our data indicate that dual-aptamer-conjugated liposome systems can prove to be effective drug delivery vehicles for breast cancer therapy.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.469-474
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• 2016

Liriopogons (Liriope and Opiopogon) species are used as a main medicinal ingredient in several Asian countries. The Liriopes Radix (tuber, root of Liriope platyphylla) has to be a promising candidate due to their source of phytochemicals. Steroidal saponins and their glycosides, phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites are considered of active constituents in Liriopes Radix. Spicatoside A, a steroidal saponin, could be more efficacious drug candidate in future. In this review, we summarized the available knowledge on phytochemical and pharmacological activities for spicatoside A. It significantly suppressed the level of NF-${\kappa}B$, NO, iNOS, Cox-2, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and MAPKs in LPS-stimulated inflammation. The production of MUC5AC mucin was increased. MMP-13 expression was down-regulated in IL-$1{\beta}$-treated cells and reduced glycosaminoglycan release from IL-$1{\alpha}$-treated cells. The neurite outgrowth activity, PI3K, Akt, ERK1/2, TrkA and CREB phosphorylation and neurotropic factors such as NGF and BDNF were upregulated with increased latency time. It also showed cell growth inhibitory activity on various carcinoma cells. From this, spicatoside A exerts anti-inflammation, anti-asthma, anti-osteoclastogenesis, neurite outgrowth, memory consolidation and anticancer activities. Further studies are needed on spicatoside A in order to understand mechanisms of action to treat various human diseases.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.60-67
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• 1990

To evaluate the diagnostic findings of salivary gland tumors, we reexamined aspiration cytology smears of 7 cases of pleomorphic adenoma, 3 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, and 3 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, performed during April 1986 to March 1990, which were comfirmed by surgical excision and histologic diagnosis. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. All cases of pleomorphic adenoma showed branching cellular clusters of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Acellular elements including myxomatous and chondroid components were observed. There were no cellular pleomorphism and nucleoli. Keratinizing squamous epithelial cells and keratin pearls were noted. 2. The smears of adenoid cystic carcinoma showed cell bails or cell cords containing a central hyaline core. Nuclear atypism and the nucleoli were frequently observed. There were no keratinizing squamous epithelial cells. 3. The smears of mucoepidermoid carcinoma showed mainly sheets or clusters of intermediate cells and some mucin-producing cells. Some nuclear pleomorphism was observed. Mucinous material and many inflammatory cells were present in the background.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.120-125
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• 2010

Dysfunction of the virus-specific T cells is a cardinal feature in chronic persistent viral infections such as one caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). In chronic HCV infection, virus-specific dysfunctional CD8 T cells often overexpress various inhibitory receptors. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) was the first among these inhibitory receptors that were identified to be overexpressed in functionally impaired T cells. The roles of other inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) have also been demonstrated in T-cell dysfunctions that occur in chronic HCV patients. Blocking these inhibitory receptors in vitro restores the functions of HCV-specific CD8 T cells and allows enhanced proliferation, cytolytic activity and cytokine production. Therefore, the blockade of the inhibitory receptors is considered as a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic HCV infection.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.119-132
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• 1989

건조향신 조미식품의 품질보존을 위한 효과적인 살균처방법을 비교하기 위하여 현행 처리법인 ethylene xxide 가스에 의한 훈증처리법과 새로이 도입된 감마선에 의한 방사선조사법에 의한 오염 미생물의 살균효과와 이 화학적 성분 및 광능적 품질 에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 향신조미료의 원료 및 라면수우프의 미생물오염은 시료 및 미생물의 종류에 따라 차이는 있지만 평균 $10^4~10^{6}/g$ 범위였으며 , 대장균은 후추 및 파 분말에서만 $10^2~10^3/g$ 정도는 검출되었다. 2) 오염된 미생물의 살균효과는 Ethylene Oxide 가스 처리로서도 $10^3/g$ 수준까지 감소시킬수 있었으나, 방사선 조사처리구는 7~10kGy 조사로서 거의 완전살균이 가능하였다. 3) 이화학적 성분함량에서 수분, 회분은 처리방법에 따라 크게 변화하지 않았고, 전당분 및 비타민 C도 종류에 따라 차이는 있으나 대체로 감소하였다. 4) 고추 및 후춧가루의 capsanthin 및 piperine의 함량변화는 처리 정도와 저장기간에 따라 전반적으로 감소하였으며, 마늘, 양파 및 파의 pyruvic acid의 함량도 같은 경향이었다. 5) 관능적 기호성 조사에서 무처리구, 방사선 조사구, E,O.가스 처리구 순으로 선호도를 보였고, 색도 변화는 무처리구와 방사선 조사구와는 약간의 차이가 보였으나 Ethylene Oxide 처리구와는 많은 차이가 있었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 현행 살균법임 ethylene oxide 가스 처리법보다 방사선조사 살균법을 이용하여 처리함이 품질의 향상과 보존성을 높이는데 효과적인 방법이라 사료된다. 발생으로 인한 인 용출이 한꺼번에 일어날 수 있다. 복합층(granule-Gypsum+sand(1 cm))으로 capping을 할 경우, 인 용출 차단 효과가 높을 뿐만 아니라, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ 농도 역시 powder-Gypsum, granule-Gypsum 보다 수층으로 용출이 적어 상수원보호구역에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. Gypsum으로 capping을 할 경우, 빠른 초기속성작용(early diagenesis)과 ${SO_4}^{2-}$ 농도가 퇴적물에 충분히 공급되어 SRB(sulfate reducing bacteria)의 활성이 높아져 methanogensis의 진행을 저하시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.-carbonyl 반응(反應)이 주도적(主導的) 역할(役割)을 하고 있음을 알 수 있다. (6) 총당(總糖)과 갈변반응속도(褐變反應速度)는 유의성(有意性)이 있었으며 $100^{\circ}C$의 경우 20시간(20時間)에 가장 색도(色度)가 높아 갈변반응속도(褐變反應速度)가 0.2로 나타났다. the esophageal mucous cells pf Bryzoichthys lysimus contained small amount of neutral mucin, while on the other hand a feww mucous cells contained small amount of neutral mucin and minimal amount of sialomucin. But the esophageal mucous cells of Takifugu pardalis contained considerable amount of neutral mucin

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.451-455
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• 2007

The glandular odontogenic cyst is an uncommon odontogenic cyst as a distinct entity. We reviewed a series of 7 glandular odontogenic cysts of the jaws experienced between 2003 and 2006 at the department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Chosun university. The study group consisted of 3 females (42.9%) and 4 males (57.1%), with an age range of 31 to 75 years and mean age was 58.6 years. The maxilla was involved in 5 cases (71.4%) and the mandible in 2 cases (28.6%). Three cases involved impacted tooth. Clinically 6 cases showed swelling and tenderness. All the lesion presented well-defined unilocular radiolucent lesion radiographically. Provisional clinical diagnosis was varied, incisional biopsy was done in 1 case. Histopathologically, those were lined by non-keratinized stratified epithelium and thickened epithelial segments (plaques) are seen within the lining epithelium. And epithelial lining contains eosinophilic cuboidal type cells, mucous cells and mucin pools in microcystic areas are identified. All cysts were treated by enucleation. All cases are not recurred during follow up period.