• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.107-110
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• 1996

Usng the Pochhammer symbol $(\lambda)_n$ given by $$ (1.1) (\lambda)_n = {1, if n = 0 {\lambda(\lambda + 1) \cdots (\lambda + n - 1), if n \in N = {1, 2, 3, \ldots}, $$ we define a general double hypergeometric series by [3, pp.27] $$ (1.2) F_{q:s;\upsilon}^{p:r;u} [\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_p : \gamma_1, \ldots, \gamma_r; \lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_u;_{x,y}][\beta_1, \ldots, \beta_q : \delta_1, \ldots, \delta_s; \mu_1, \ldots, \mu_v; ] = \sum_{l,m = 0}^{\infty} \frac {\prod_{j=1}^{q} (\beta_j)_{l+m} \prod_{j=1}^{s} (\delta_j)_l \prod_{j=1}^{v} (\mu_j)_m)}{\prod_{j=1}^{p} (\alpha_j)_{l+m} \prod_{j=1}^{r} (\gamma_j)_l \prod_{j=1}^{u} (\lambda_j)_m} \frac{l!}{x^l} \frac{m!}{y^m} $$ provided that the double series converges.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.5 s.92
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• pp.462-468
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• 2006

Antibiotics are manufactured and used for specific physiological functions, hence they may exert adverse ecological consequences when they are in contact with nontarget organisms. In the last decade, many reports have been made on the occurrences of various antibiotic compounds in surface water, and their potential impact to the environment has become an increasing concern. This study was conducted to prioritize antibiotic substances with potential environment risk in Korea. Human use antibiotics with an EIC (Expected Introduction Concentration) value greater than $1{\mu}g/l$, US FDA's action limit criteria, were selected. In order to calculate a worst-case EIC for each substance, annual production volume (in kg) of each antibiotic substance was derived using the Korea Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (KPMA)'s monetary database. Sixteen substances were preliminarily selected. The EICs of the 16 antibiotic substances were refined with the excretion rate of the parent substances. Ten antibiotic substances were identified to have EIC-corrected greater than $1{\mu}g/l$, which include Amoxicillin ($15.8{\mu}g/l$), Cefaclor ($10.1{\mu}/l$), Roxithromycin ($4.2{\mu}g/l$), Cephradine ($4.5{\mu}g/l$), Cefatrizine ($2.6{\mu}g/l$), Cefadroxil ($3.3{\mu}g/l$), Aztreonam ($2.3{\mu}g/l$), Ceftazidime ($2.8{\mu}g/l$), Ribostamycin ($1.3{\mu}g/l$), and Ceftezole ($1.3{\mu}g/l$). Additional risk assessments for these antibiotic substances are suggested.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2007

Perilla rust is a damaging disease in perilla cultivation in Korea. Its causal agent was identified as Coleosporium plectranthi based on descriptions of morphological characteristics of spores and spore-producing fruiting structures(in uredinial and telial stages from perilla and in aecial stage from the alternate host pine) collected in 15 locations in Korea during the disease survey from 2004 to 2006. These characteristics were yellow or orange uredinium; globose or ellipsoid urediniospore of $20.8{\mu}m{\times}18{\mu}m$ in size; verruca of $0.3mm{\times}1.2mm$; orange telium; one-celled, oblong ellipsoid teliospore of $63.1{\mu}m{\times}19.7{\mu}m$ with one-layered crusts or four-celled(when mature), internal basidium of $64.2{\mu}m{\times}19.7{\mu}m$; ellipsoid to globoid basidiospore of $20.3{\mu}m{\times}12{\mu}m$; type 2 spermogonium; yellow, broadly ellipsoid peridial cell of $35.6{\mu}m{\times}23.1{\mu}m$; and broadly ellipsoidal or subglobose aeciospore of $25.9{\mu}m{\times}18.8{\mu}m$. Phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA sequences revealed the closest relatedness to those of the genus Coleosporium, a monophyletic group distinguished from other rust fungi and divided into two main lineages, one of which was C. plectranthi grouped with high bootstrap value(96%). In pathogenicity test, both aeciospores and urediniospores caused rust development on perilla leaves. This is the first description of C. plectranthi causing perilla rust with the first findings of its telial stage on perilla and the first rust disease on the aecial host in Pinus densiflora. These aspects would provide basic information for the development of control measures of the disease.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.11 no.1_2
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• pp.391-399
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• 2003

Let (X,S,$\mu$) be a measure space and M be the vector space of all real valued S-measurable functions defined on (X,S,$\mu$). For $E\;{\in}\;S$ with $\mu(E)\;<\;{\infty}$, $d_E$ is a pseudometric on M. With the notion of D = {$d_E$\mid$E\;{\in}\;S,\mu(E)\;<\;{\infty}$}, in this paper we investigate some topological structure T of M. Indeed, we shall show that it is possible to define a complete invariant metric on M which is compatible with the topology T on M.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.775-780
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• 1998

In this paper it is shown that Dunford-Pettis operators obey the "Pettis-divisor property": if T is a Dunford-Pettis operator from $L_1$($\mu$) to a Banach space X, then there is a non-Pettis representable operator S : $L_1$($\mu$)longrightarrow$L_1$($\mu$) such that To S is Pettis representable.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 1993

A bacterium which degrades efficiently synthetic detergents was isolated from the polluted waters, activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants or polluted soil. This bacterium showed considerably higher growth rate in the agar plate containing $2,000{\mu}g/ml$ of synthetic detergents than any other isolated strains, was identified as a Pseudomonas fluorescens or strains similar to it. The strain was named as a Pseudomonas fluorescens S1. Optimum pH and temperature for the growth of the Pseudomonas fluorescens S1 were pH 7.0 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The strain was resistant to streptomycin and gentamycin, but sensitive to kanamycin. The strain was greatly resistant to zinc chloride, lead nitrate and copper sulfate, but unable to grow in the presence of relatively low concentrations of mercury chloride and silver nitrate. This strain utilized benzene, catechol, cyclohexane and xylene as a sole carbon source. The strain was well grown in the medium containing ABS 10,000${\mu}g$/ml. Degradation of ABS was 55% and 60% at 20${\mu}g$/ml and 100${\mu}g$/ml of ABS, respectively. Benzene ring was degraded 45% in 100${\mu}g$/ml of ABS. During the incubation of the strain in the medium containing ABS 100${\mu}g$/ml and COD 10,000${\mu}g$/ml for 4 days, degradation of ABS and COD were reduced to 40${\mu}g$/ml and 3,200${\mu}g$/ml, respectively. Total amino acid content of the Pseudomonas fluorescens S1 grown with 1,000${\mu}g$/ml of ABS was 115mg/g cell, whereas its content was decreased in the bacterium grown without synthetic detergent by 9.4%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.372-380
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• 1996

The operation of Far East Chain(GRI 5970) of Loran - C system had been stopped on June, 1995, but that of Korean Chain(GRI 9930) of Loran - C system which was jointed with North West Pacific Chain(GRI 8930) and Russia Chain(GRI 7950) by international cooperation, was started on January 1996. In this paper, in order to study the accuracy of Loran - C fix of Korean Chain, the authors examined and analyzed the data of the reciever of Loran - C(LC -90, Furuno) and GPS(AccNav Sport super (TM), Eagle) measured automatically and continually for 2 seconds at interval of 5 minutes from November 22, 1992, to January 20, 1996 at the fixed position of National Fisheries University of Pusan, The results obtained were as follows ; 1)The mean time differences of M-W, M-X, and M-Y pair measured in the base observed position were 12333.09${\mu}$s, 28338.44${\mu}$s, and 42806.01${\mu}$s respectively and the mean standard deviations of that were 0.0121${\mu}$s, 0.0290${\mu}$s, and 0.0327${\mu}$s respectively. The daily and monthly variance forms of time difference at each pair appeared in a similar reappearance. 2)The mean standard deviations of the latitude and longitude by Loran - C were 9.1m and 17.4m in W.X pair, 11.5m and 13.7m in W.Y pair, and 8.1m and 29.3m in X.Y pair respectively, and then the probable radiuses within 95% of each pair were 39.2m, 35.7m, and 60.8m, respectively. Therefore, It is to be desired that W.Y par is selected to improve the accuracy in Pusan area. 3)The mean standard deviations of the latitude and longitude by GPS were 15.4m and 15.0m and the probable radius within 95% was 43.4m. 4)The position errors for GPS and each pair of Loran - C were 16.0m to the South in GPS and 265.2m to the East in W.X pair of Loran - C, 279.5m to the North in W.Y pair of that, and 224.3m to the North-West in X.Y pair of that, so GPS is about 250m higher than Loran - C in accuracy.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22
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• pp.54-62
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• 2004

We examined the impacts of anthyopogenic pollutant (benzo〔a〕pyrene) on the growth and photosynthesis of five marine phytoplankton species (Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum dentatum, P. minimum, Aknshiwo sanguinea), which are dominant in Korean coastal water. After the 72 h exposure to benzo〔a〕pyrene, the dramatic decrease in cell numbers was observed in the range of 1 to 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ for S. costatum, P. minimum, P. dentatum, whereas for A. sanguinea and H. akashiwo at the low concentrations 0.1 to 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ . Among the 5 phytoplankton species, the highest growth inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$/) was 6.20 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ for P. minimum, followed by 2.14 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ for P. dentatum, 1.68 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ for S. costatum, 0.74 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ for H. akashiwo, 0.10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ for A. sanguinea. The five species exposed to the low concentration of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ were recovered after transferring to new media, but the species exposed to the high concentrations of 10 and 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ were not recovered, with the exception of P. minimum. Those results indicate that the thecate dinoflagellate P. minimum is most tolerant to the chemical and the athecate dinoflagellate A. sanguinea is not. Geneyally, the cell-specific photosynthetic capacity of H. akashiwo exposed to the low concentrations of 0.1 and 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ was higher than that of the cells in the control, whereas the cells exposed to the high concentrations of 5 and 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ showed the negligible photosynthetic level by the first few days of the experiment. In the case of the cells exposed to the concentration of 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ L$^{-1}$ , after 12 days of the experiment the photosynthetic capacity was increased toward the end of the experiment. This indicates that H. akashiwo may utilize the benzo〔a〕pyrene as a carton source for its growth when exposed to low concentrations. Results suggest that anthropogenic pollutants such as benzo〔a〕pyrene may have significant influence on the succession of phytoplankton species composition and the primary production in coastal marine environments.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.874-881
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• 1997

In order to estimate toxicity of copper, radmium and chromium on survival, growth and oxygen consumption of the estuarine mysid, Neomysis awatschensis, adult and juvenile, the experiments were conducted by renewal bioassay method at $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C\;and\;20{\pm}1\%_{\circ}$ salinity. The $96hr-LC_{50}$ of the mysid exposed to cadmium, copper and chromium was 20.2, 11.3 and $670.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$ in adut and 3.4, 1.9 and $49.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$ in juvenile, respectively, and were ranked in order of toxicity : copper >cadmium >chromium. Survival rates of the mysid exposed to the sublethal concentrations of heavy metals for 40 days were significantly affected by cadmium $\geq1.0\;{\mu}g/\ell$ and copper $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g/\ell$ concentrations. The growth rate of the mysid exposed to $cadmium\geq2.0\;{\mu}g\ell$ and copper $\geq1.2\;{\mu}g/\ell$ concentrations were significantly reduced than that exposed to normal condition, but there was no affect on intermoult period. Oxygen consumption rate of the mysid exposed to heavy metals was significantly reduced with increasing heavy metals concentrations. The results of the present study led us to conclude that concentrations levels cadmium$\geq1.0\;{\mu}g\ell$ and copper $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g\ell$ of the estuarine could markedly affect the distribution and population of the mysid by reduced survival, growth and oxygen consumption rate.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.279-284
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• 1996

To develop a selective medium for the isolation and the detection of leuconostocs from the various samples including fermented vegetables, ten strains of leuconostocs and seven strains of lactobacilli were tested for their sensitivity to various antibiotics. The basal-medium containing 5 ${\mu}g/ml$ of novobiocin inhibited the growth of lactobacilli completely, but not that of leuconostocs. On the basis of this result, a new selective medium was developed and to be named NLS medium. This medium contains 1% Tryptone (Difco), 0.1% Yeast Extract (Difco), 2% sucrose, 0.1% Beef Extract (BBL), 0.5% sodium acetate, 0.2% ammonium sulfate, 0.01% magnesium sulfate, 0.2% dipotassium phosphate, 0.05% sorbic acid, 75 ppm sodium azide (Sigma), 0.1% (vol/vol) Tween 80, 30 ${\mu}g/ml$ of Vancomycin (Sigma), 5${\mu}g/ml$ of Novobiocin (Sigma), 0.5${\mu}g/ml$ of cysteine HCI, and 1.5% Agar (Difco). All of the eighty six isolates obtained from some foodstuffs were identified as members of the genus Leuconostoc. Comparative counts with the MRS, PES, LUSM, and NLS medium indicated that the recovery percent was lower than other selective media. Therefore, this result suggested that NLS medium was suitable for the isolation of leuconostocs, but not for counting or enumerating.