• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.35-49
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop Mozzarella cheese analogues by using dairy products in the form of WPC 34, WPC 80, whey protein, demineralized whey powder, and lactose powder along with soy milk. Soy milk was separately blended with 5% WPC 34 (A), WPC 80 (B), DWP (C), WP (D), and LP (E) and also with 10% WPC 34 (F), WPC 80 (G), DWP (H), WP (I), and LP (J). Blending of soy milk and whey products showed that increase in the proportions of whey products (WPC 34, WPC 80, DWP, WP, and LP) led to increase in the protein, lactose, and SNF levels of the admixture. A decrease in fat content was observed for all cheeses prepared from mixtures, relative to those for the control cheese. The nitrogen content within analogue samples was higher than that in the control cheese and increased with increase in the proportions of whey products within soy milk. Higher water soluble nitrogen levels were observed in cheese prepared from whey-product-blended soy milk than in the control cheese. The non-protein nitrogen level within the control Mozzarella cheese was significantly lower than that in the Mozzarella analogues, and, in the case of cheese analogues, it increased with increase in the proportion of whey products in soy milk. With regard to the physicochemical and sensory qualities of the Mozzarella cheese analogues and control cheese, the pH of all analogue samples, with the exception of the cheese prepared from group G, was lower than that of the control Mozzarella cheese. Rheological studies showed that the hardness of Mozzarella cheese analogues was lower than that of the control Mozzarella, while the elasticity, cohesiveness, and brittleness of the analogues was higher. The control sample had a higher meltability level than any of the Mozzarella analogues. Mozzarella cheese prepared with the traditional method had higher browning and stretching levels than all the cheese analogues, but a lower oiling-off level.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.21-32
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• 1991

우리나라 국민(國民)의 cheese에 대한 기호성(嗜好性)을 조사(調査)하기 위하여 Cheddar cheese, Mozzarella cheese 및 process cheese에 대한 화학성분(化學成分) 분석(分析), 숙성도(熟成度) 및 관능검사(官能檢査)를 실시(實施)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 총질소(總窒素)는 Cheddar cheese와 향신료(香辛料) 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese가 3.75-3.86%로 비슷하게 나타났으나 process cheese는 3.15%, Mozzarella cheese는 3.35%로 낮게 나타났고 5% NaCl 가용성질소(可溶性窒素)는 Cheddar cheese가 3.23%로 가장 높았으며 TCA 가용성질소, SSA 가용성질소(可溶性窒素) 함량(含量) 및 숙성율(熟性率)도 비슷한 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 2. 전기영동(電氣泳動) 실시(實施) 결과(結果) Cheddar cheese보다는 향신료(香辛料) 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese에서 분해도(分解度)가 높았으며 Mozzarella cheese와 process cheese는 분해력(分解力)이 낮게 나타났고 ${\alpha}_{s1}$-caseindl $\beta$-casein보다 분해도(分解度)가 높았다. 3. 관능검사(官能檢査) 결과(結果) 색택(色澤)에 있어서는 Mozzarella cheese 및 process cheese가 전체적으로 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으며 Cheddar cheese는 30-40대(代)와 50-60대(代)에서 기호도(嗜好度)가 높았고 10대(代)와 30-40대(代)에서는 마늘 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese가 기호도(嗜好度)가 높았다. 4. 향취(香臭)는 process cheese와 Mozzarella cheese가 전체적으로 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으며 향신료(香辛料) 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese는 10대(代)에서 기호도(嗜好度)가 높았다. 5. 조직(組織)은 process cheese와 Mozzarella cheese가 전체적으로 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으며 Cheddar cheese 또한 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았다. 6. 맛은 Mozzarella cheese, process cheese 및 Cheddar cheese가 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으며 향신료(香辛料) 첨가(添加) Cheddar cheese는 30-40대(代)에서 기호성(嗜好性)이 높았으나 10대(代) 및 20대(代)에서 더 높은 taste score가 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.587-592
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• 2004

혈중 콜레스테롤 농도를 저하시키는 건강지향적인 불포화 지방산을 다량 함유한 옥배유로 원료유 지방을 표준화하여 cholesterol free Mozzarella cheese제조 후 특성을 살펴 보았다. 치즈 제조용 원료유는 안정성이 있었고, 최종 시료인 치즈에서 휘발성 유리지방산은 콜레스테롤 상승에 영향을 미치는 palmitic acid가 일반 치즈인 대조구에서 가장 높게 측정된 반면에 실험구인 옥배유를 첨가하여 만든 치즈는 동맥경화 및 성인병 등의 예방, 치료에 도움을 주는 linoleic acid 조성 이 가장 높게 나타나 영양학적으로 우수한 결론이 돌출되었다. 포화지방산에 대한 불포화지방산의 비율은 대조구가 7:3, 옥배유를 첨가하여 만든 치즈가 2:8로 나타났으며, 콜레스테롤은 대조구의 43.58 mg/100 g에 비해 옥배유를 첨가하여 만든 치즈는4.34 mg/100g만 측정되어 건강에 유의한 결과가 나타났다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 혈중 콜레스테롤 저하효과를 나타내는 휘발성 유리지방산을 다량 함유하고, 콜레스테롤 함량이 대조구의 10%수준인 영양학적으로 우수한 건강지향적인 cholesterol free Mozzarella cheese를 제조할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2012

현재 한국에서 소비되는 치즈는 수입 의존도가 높은 편이며, Mozzarella 치즈의 경우 10% 미만이 한국에서 제조되나, 가격 경쟁력에서 수입제품에 비해 크게 불리한 입장이다. 무엇보다 높은 원유가격과 Mozzarella 치즈의 급격한 소비 증가는 적당한 공급가를 일정하게 공급하기에 많은 어려움이 있는 실정이다 따라서 대두단백을 이용한 Mozzarella cheese analogue 제품 제조가 요구되어 다양하게 생산 및 제조되고 있다. 대두단백은 유제품성분의 한정적인 공급과 caseinate의 높은 가격 때문에 Mozzarealla cheese analogue 제조에 많이 사용되고 있다. Casein-based Mozzarella cheese analogue보다 soy-based Mozzarella cheese analogue가 오랜 기간 동안의 안정성과 실질적인 가격우위는 높은 경쟁 잠재력이 있다. 또한 Mozzarella cheese analogue는 저수분 Mozzarealla 치즈처럼 풍미의 문제점은 없지만, 몸체가 용해될 때 신축이 잘 되지 않고, 과도한 caseinate, 대두단백 특유의 콩비린내(beany flavor), 이상한 풍미, 갈변화 등의 문제 등이 존재하는 것이 사실이지만, 대두를 이용한 다양한 cheese analogue는 기존의 자연치즈에 비하여 가격이 저렴할 뿐만 아니라, 소비자의 다양한 수요 요구를 충족할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 더 나아가서 콩의 부가가치 향상과 국민영양 개선의 측면에서도 효과가 많은 것으로 사료된다. 무엇보다 cheese analogue의 제조는 수입 억제 효과와 수출 증진 효과에도 크게 기여할 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 cheese analogue 제조에 많은 관심과 지속적인 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

Mozzarella cheese is recently the most consumed cheese in USA, European, South Korea, etc., and also a various different-type Mozzarella cheese could have great market appeal. However, many consumers would be more concerned about the nutritional aspects and physicochemical properties of Mozzarella cheese. Hence, ultrafiltration (UF) as a best tool of solving those concerns has been recognized. The objective of this review's paper would be suggested that the ultrafiltration (UF) techniques could be directly applied for manufacturing various different-type Mozzarella cheese with high physicochemical properties on fulfilling the consumers' various needs and desires for health.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to improve the production of Mozzarella cheese analogues manufactured using mixtures of soy milk and concentrated raw milk by performing ultrafiltration (UF) and to assess the quality of these cheeses during a 30-day storage period at $4^{\circ}C$, relative to that of Mozzarella cheese manufactured with the traditional method. The solid consistency of Mozzarella cheese analogue prepared from milk mixtures was lower than that of cheese manufactured from raw milk or soy milk and increased during storage, which is considered to be the result of decreasing water levels, as well as with increasing soy milk concentrations. In the Mozzarella cheese analogue generated using the milk mixtures, the fat content decreased with increase in the soy milk concentration, while it decreased during the storage period. Lactose levels were lowest in cheese composed of soy milk or raw milk and processed by UF, and decreased during storage in cheese produced using milk mixtures. In milk mixtures containing soy milk, the protein concentration increased with increasing amounts of raw milk and did not change during the storage period. The water-soluble nitrogen compound level was similar between cheeses and increased only slightly during storage. The amount of non-protein nitrogen compounds was higher in the cheese analogue than in the control cheese and tended to increase during storage. Analysis of the physicochemical traits of the Mozzarella cheese analogue yielded the following results: During storage, titratable acidity levels increased while pH tended to decrease. After analysis using electropherograms, it was classified as ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, or ${\kappa}$-casein. The results of rheometry tests showed that in the Mozzarella cheese analogue prepared from milk mixtures, with raw milk concentrated by UF, increases in concentration rate lead to lowered hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, and brittleness. When cheese was produced from milk mixtures and concentrated by UF, meltability increased as the concentration rate increased, although to an extent that was less than that observed for the control cheese, and tended to increase during storage. Sensory evaluation showed that the analogue cheese was much better than the control cheese in terms of formation, appearance, and flavor.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2017

There has been an increasing interest in low-fat foods among consumers worldwide. However, very few dairy companies produce low-fat cheese in Korea. Therefore, low-fat cheese production must be studied to not only promote consumer health but also diversify the domestic natural cheese market. In this study, we attempted to soften the texture of low-fat Mozzarella cheese prepared from raw milk standardized to 2% by changing the temperature of the cooking process from $43^{\circ}C$ to $37^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. The protein and fat contents of low-fat Mozzarella cheese prepared at the selected temperatures was 5.10-7.01% higher and 5.24-6.38% lower, respectively, than that of control cheese. Moreover, the hardness of low-fat Mozzarella cheese decreased with increasing cooking temperature. Further research to improve the sensory characteristics of low-fat cheese is required.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2013

The study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of Mozzarella cheese analogue generation by using a mixture of soy milk and raw milk and to compare the quality of the resultant cheese with that of Mozzarella cheese manufactured using the traditional method. The mixtures showed increase in protein and decrease in lactose and SNF in a dose-dependent manner with the addition of soy milk. The Mozzarella cheese analogue had lower total solids content than the control cheese product, while the fat content was similar between both. The analogue cheese had lower ash content than the traditionally prepared cheese; the content was proportional to the amount of soy milk in the mixture. Higher soy milk quantities within mixtures also resulted in proportionally higher levels of fat content within analogue cheese. Water-soluble nitrogen content was lower in the analogue cheese than in the control cheese. While the WSN level increased in the control cheese, it was almost constant in the analogue cheese. The control cheese had much higher actual and predicted yield than the analogue cheese, while the analogue cheese had a higher stability level. The control cheese had a higher transfer rate than the analogue cheese, with the exception of lactose. Electrophoresis analysis showed bands for Mozzarella cheese analogues that were present in addition to the normal ${\alpha}$-casein and ${\beta}$-casein bands. Physical characteristic analysis showed that hardness was affected by the addition of soy milk to cheese, while cohesiveness and brittleness were affected by the addition of raw milk, and elasticity was barely affected by milk composition. The meltability of the control cheese was higher than that of the analogue cheese and increased during 30 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Browning, oiling-off, and stretching characteristics were almost identical between the 2 types of cheeses. Sensory evaluation findings showed that the control cheese had much better body texture, appearance, and flavor than the analogue cheese.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1605-1611
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• 2017

Objective: Following a previous report, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of increasing level of dried stoned olives pomaces (DSOP) in the diet of lactating buffaloes on milk and mozzarella cheese yield and characteristics. Methods: Sixteen pluriparous buffaloes distributed into two groups were fed an isoenergetic (0.9 milk forage unit/kg) and isoprotein (149 g/kg dry matter [DM] of crude protein) diet, with or without DSOP. Each animal received 17 kg DM/d. Samples of forages and concentrates were weekly collected and used for duplicate chemical analyses. Individual milk samples from each control were analyzed for chemical and coagulating parameters and daily production of mozzarella cheese was estimated. At the end of the trial, bulk milk of each group was processed to produce mozzarella cheese and chemical (fat, protein, ash, pH) composition, fatty acids composition, carotenoids and tocopherols content were determined. A sensory test was also performed. The oxidative stability was measured on mozzarella cheese and on governing liquid. Results: No significant differences were observed, neither for milk yield and body condition score, nor for milk characteristics. The fat was higher (p<0.05) in mozzarella of DSOP fed group but, saturated fatty acids were lower and unsaturated higher (p<0.01). Furthermore, lower atherogenic (p<0.01), and thrombogenic (p<0.05) indices were found in mozzarella cheese of DSOP fed group. In addition, the administration of DSOP did not affect the mozzarella cheese oxidative stability and no negative effect was found in the sensory properties. Conclusion: No contraindications appeared for the inclusion of DSOP in the diet of lactating buffaloes. Besides, important effects on mozzarella cheese quality were obtained, such as a modification of fat content and attributes with an increment in the mono-unsaturated. Additionally, a lower saturated/unsaturated ratio and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices suggest an improvement of dietetic and nutritional characteristics of mozzarella cheese.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.268-275
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• 2001

The effects of homogenization conditions and $\beta$-cyclodextrin ($\beta$-CD) on cholesterol removal of Mozzarella cheese were examined. The homogenization pressure influenced markedly on the cholesterol removal in milk and, 75.64% of cholesterol, the highest rate, was removed at $70.0kg/cm^2$. In addition, an increase in temperature resulted in an increase of cholesterol removal in the range of 71.75 to 78.22%. Among different concentrations of $\beta$-CD addition, 1.0% showed 78.21% of cholesterol removal. Therefore, cholesterol-reduced Mozzarella cheese was made by cheese milk treated with 70 $70.0kg/cm^2$ homogenization at $70^{\circ}C$ and 1% $\beta$-CD addition for a subsequent study. The cholesterol reduction of cholesterol-reduced Mozzarella cheese was 63.92%. Meltability, stretchability and oiling-off in cholesterol-reduced cheese were significantly lower than those in control. Hardness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly reduced, while cohesiveness and elasticity increased. Appearance and flavor of the cheese were superior, but texture inferior to the control.