• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.185-187
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• 2010

Most studies of the black soldier fly, Hermitia illucens, widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia and America focused on the use of larvae for recycling various organic materials and feed for fish and livestock. To recognize the instars of the soldier fly's larvae, we examined the number of exuviae originated from each larva from 1st instar to pupa. The weight and the head capsule width of the black soldier fly larvae also confirmed that the black soldier fly was passed through 6th instars. In addition, we found that the black soldier fly larvae had a well developed mandibular-maxillary complex, similar to those reported from the larvae of scavengers including Odontomyia cincta, Neopachygaster maculicornis, Ptecticus brunettii and Stratiomys ruficornis.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 1994

The zoeal development of the pilumnid crab, Pilumnus minutus De Haan, 1835 consisted of 4 zoeal stages. The duration of the zoeal stages was at least 15 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The morphology of the zoeal stage is described in detail, and comparisons are made with the known larvae of other species of the family pilumnidae. The Pilumnus minutus zoea strongly resembles zoeae of other species of the genus Pilumnus in the mouthpart setation and the carapace spines, but shows some differences in the abodominal lateral knobs. the Pilumnus minutus zoea has some affinities with the Parapilumnus trispinosus zoea by having the abodominal lateral knobs on somites 2, 3, 4 and 5.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2000

External morphological characteristics of male and female of Degeeria separata, which was endoparasited in adult of the Asian ladybird, were studied by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antenna of Degeeria separata was consisted of three segment and arista. Aristae were about $750{\mu}m$ length and $30{\mu}m$ in diameter. The surface of antennae was covered with many sensilla. They were long or short, slender or thick, and straight or curved. Each three morphological types of sensilla were observed on the second and third segment of antennae. The mouthpart was sponging type. It was consisted with clypeus, labellum, labium, labrum, and maxillary palp. The labellum is $400{\mu}m$ width and double folded vertically. The leg consist of tarsus, tarsus claw, pulvilli, and empodium.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2016

The winter cherry bug (Acanthocoris sordidus Thunberg, Coreidae, Hemiptera) is a insect pest that have a piercing sucking type mouthpart, and it is injured to solanaceous plants including pepper plant. For the control of the winter cherry bug, 20 organic synthetic insecticides and 7 environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) were selected with single formulation. Fenitrothion, fenthion and phenthoate were significantly higher mortality to adults and 3rd instar nymphs of winter cherry bug as over 95 and 100 % after 72 hours with treatment. Otherwise, in case of EFAMs, there is no significantly higher effective materials to adults and 3rd instar nymphs of winter cherry bug. Eighty percentage of Sophora flavescens was showed only around 50% mortality with the high variation after 72 hours with treatment against adult of the winter cherry bug.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.8-12
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• 1999

The external morphology of Frankliniella occidentalis was studied by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antenna was consisted of 8 segments and the length of antenna was 0.25mm. The 3rd segment and 4th segment were bent. The 5th segment and 6th segment had sensilla with $7{\mu}m$ long. The 8th segment had 8 sensilla. The mouthpart was protruded and distributed many sensilla on there. The leg had no claw.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.13-18
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• 1999

External morphology characteristics of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporarium were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of the greenhouse whitefly was 6 segments. rod-shape, and 0.3mm length. On the 6th segment, there were many sensilla for searching host-plant as olfactory receptor. The mouthpart of the greenhouse whitefly was a piercing-sucing type, then its stylet was well developed for piercing plant leaf tissue. Claw of the foreleg was a 3-way hook shape including paranychium for attaching plant surface to pierce and lay egg.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.266-273
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• 2019

Heavy metal contamination in freshwater ecosystem has been receiving increased worldwide attention due to their direct or indirect effect on human health and aquatic organisms. In this study, we investigated biological effects such as survival rate, growth rate, emergence rate, sex ratio and mouthpart deformity of Chironomus plumosus. The survival rate of C. plumosus decreased with the increase in heavy metal concentration as well as exposure time after cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn) exposure. The growth rate decreased at days 4 and 7 after Cd exposure and significantly reduced at the relatively high concentration of $50mg\;L^{-1}$ Cd. The emergence rate was decreased at $50mg\;L^{-1}$ Cd and $100mg\;L^{-1}$ Zn. The sex ratio showed imbalance pattern at relatively low concentrations (0.5 and $2mg\;L^{-1}$ Cd) with high proportion of male and relatively high concentration ($100mg\;L^{-1}$ Zn) with high proportion of female (60%). In addition, mentum deformities were observed at high concentration of Cd and Zn. These results suggest that heavy metal exposure in aquatic ecosystem may affect biological and morphological responses, and aquatic midge C. plumosus is a potential indicator for assessment of environmental pollutant such as heavy metals.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2019

Heavy metals resulted from the increase of human industrial activity are introduced into the environment through rainfall and wastewater, and have harmful effects on inhabitants. In this study, we investigated biological responses such as survival rate, growth rate, emergence rate and sex ratio, and morphological effects of mentum deformity in Chironomus plumosus, an indicator organism to evaluate pollutions on aquatic ecosystem. The survival rate of C. plumosus showed time- and dose-dependent decrease after chromium and copper exposures. Growth rate decreased at $4^{th}$ day after chromium exposure and significantly reduced at exposure to relatively high concentration (copper $1000mg\;L^{-1}$) for all exposure times. In addition, we observed that the emergence rate by exposure to copper $1000mg\;L^{-1}$ was significantly lower than that of the control group. The imbalance of sex ratios showed at relatively low concentrations (chromium 10 and $50mg\;L^{-1}$) with the high proportion of female and at the relative high concentration (copper $1000mg\;L^{-1}$) with the high proportion of male. Furthermore, the morphological mentum deformities of C. plumosus observed in the exposed group according to chromium and copper exposure. These results suggest that the heavy metal exposure in environment may influence biosynthetic and morphological stresses of benthic invertebrate C. plumosus, and aquatic midge C. plumosus are potential indicators for toxicity assessment of heavy metals such as chromium and copper.