• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

Purpose: This study aimed the effects of percutaneous electric nerve stimulation (PENS) applied to different parts of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on the change of glucose and nerve. Methods: rats (ten weeks old) were selected as the subjects; the normal group was five rats, and the diabetes induction group II, III and IV were five rats, respectively, which were randomly sampled from the twenty-five streptozotocin-administered rats with more than $240\;d{\ell}/m{\ell}$ of blood sugar. For PENS, electric current with 2 Hz of stimulation frequency and $200\;{\mu}s$ of pulse duration was applied to the subjects for fifteen minutes a day, six days a week, for three weeks. Calculation of glucose and weight, and nerve conduction test were conducted forty-eight hours and three weeks after streptozotocin administration, respectively. Results: As for change of glucose and weight, the group III with stimulation to the acupoints and the group IV with stimulation to non-acupoints showed significant differences from the control group II (p<0.05). As for MNCV (motor nerve conduction velocity), the group III with stimulation to the acupoints showed significant differences from the group IV with stimulation to non-acupoints and the control group II (p<0.05). Conclusion: PENS had the effects of inhibiting increase of glucose, change of weight and decrease of nerve conductive function between the distal and proximal ends of the peripheral nerve in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2017

Background: Previous studies of radial nerve conduction study (NCS) did not present how to measure the length of the radial nerve across the elbow, and did not even mention how to manage the spiral course of the nerve. This study aimed to applicate the most reliable method to measure the length of the radial nerve during NCS. Methods: Three points (A, B, and C) were determined along the relatively straight course of the radial nerve. The distance was measured using three different methods: L1) straight distance corresponding to the A-C distance, L2) sum of the distances corresponding to the A-B-C distance, L3) based on the L2, but the elbow is flexed at a $45^{\circ}$ angle. We compared the three methods of distance measurement and the calculated nerve conduction velocities (V1, V2, and V3) in normal healthy subjects. Results: 19 normal participants were enrolled. The mean value for method L1, L2 and L3 were $22.5{\pm}1.8cm$, $24.0{\pm}2.1cm$, and $23.2{\pm}2.1cm$ (p < 0.001). Calculated conduction velocities using those distance measurement methods as follows (p < 0.001): V1 ($60.9{\pm}2.7m/s$), V2 ($64.6{\pm}3.3m/s$), and V3 ($63.4{\pm}3.9m/s$). V2 was significantly greater than V1 and V3 (p < 0.001, p = 0.010, respectively). Conclusions: The distance measurement using a stopover point near the lateral epicondyle between two stimulus points in position of a fully extended elbow with forearm pronation is the most appropriate posture for radial motor NCS.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2019

Background: Diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPN) is associated with a variety of symptoms. Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) are considered to be the gold standard of nerve damage assessments, but these studies are often dissociated from the subjective symptoms observed in DPN patients. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the correlations between NCS parameters and neuropathic symptoms quantified using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with or without symptoms of neuropathy were retrospectively enrolled. Demographic data, clinical laboratory data, MNSI score, and NCS results were collected for analysis; DPN was diagnosed based on the MNSI score (${\geq}3.0$) and abnormal NCS results. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationships between MNSI score and NCS variables. Results: The final analyses included 198 patients (115 men and 83 women) with a mean age of $62.6{\pm}12.7$ years and a mean duration of diabetes of $12.7{\pm}8.4$ years. The mean MNSI score was 2.8 (range, 0.0-9.0), and 69 patients (34.8%) were diagnosed with DPN. The MNSI score was positively correlated with the median motor nerve latency and negatively correlated with the median motor, ulnar sensory, peroneal, tibial, and sural nerve conduction velocities (NCVs). When the patients were categorized into quartiles according to MNSI score, peroneal nerve conduction velocity was significantly lower in the second MNSI quartile than in the first MNSI quartile (p = 0.001). A multivariate analysis revealed that the peroneal NCV was independently associated with MNSI score after adjusting for age, sex, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Conclusions: The present results indicate that a decrease in peroneal NCV was responsible for early sensory deficits in T2DM patients.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.288-296
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• 2013

The purpose of this study were carpal tunnel syndrome in stroke patients according to the degree of spasticity in the median nerve cross-sectional area, nerve conduction velocity, and to evaluate differences in upper extremity function. The subjects of this study was in adult patients with stroke 42 patients from 21 patients CTS group and 21 patients Non-CTS group were selected. Measurement of median nerve-cross sectional area, nerve conduction velocity, GST, FMAS, CTS-FSS was measured. The study results were each group between the unaffected side and the affected side CTS and Non-CTS group in each grade between groups unaffected side(p<.001), and affected side(p<.001) median nerve-cross sectional area, median motor and sensory nerve onset latency, there was a statistically significant difference. CTS and Non-CTS group between groups in each grade GST(p<.05), FMAS(p<.05), CTS-FSS(p<.001), there was a statistically significant difference. In this study, the carpal tunnel pathokinesiology ever presented by the contents of upper extremity functional training in stroke patients is one of the information that you need to consider when presented.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 2005

Background: The most distal sensory fibers of the feet are often affected first in polyneuropathy. However, they are not evaluated in routine nerve conduction studies. Thus we evaluated the dorsal sural sensory nerve in patients with sensorimotor polyneuropathy with normal sural response, in order to assess the usefulness in electrodiagnostic practice. Methods: In this study, 53 healthy subjects and 27 patients with clinical evidence of sensorimotor polyneuropathy were included. In all subjects, peripheral motor and sensory nerve studies were performed on the upper and lower limbs including dorsal sural nerve conduction studies. On electrodiagnostic testing, all patients had normal sural responses. Results: The dorsal sural sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) mean amplitude was $13.12{\pm}5.68{\mu}V$, mean latency was $3.12{\pm}0.43msec$, and mean sensory conduction velocity (SCV) was $36.50{\pm}3.40m/s$ in healthy subjects. In 7 of 27 patients, the dorsal sural nerve SNAPs were absent bilaterally, and in 20 patients, the mean dorsal sural nerve distal latency was longer($3.40{\pm}0.48ms$, P=0.006), and mean SCV was slower than in healthy subjects($35.08{\pm}4.59$, P=0.043). However, dorsal sural nerve amplitude was not different between the groups (P=0.072). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dorsal sural nerve conduction studies should be included in the routine electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected polyneuropathy and normal sural nerve responses.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2006

Among the various physiological factors that affect nerve conduction velocity (NCV), temperature is the most important. Because the influence of temperature is the most important source of error. It is known from animal experiments that conduction is eventually completely blocked at low temperatures, the myelinated A fibers being the first affected and the thin fibers of group C the last. Many studies showed that the NCV decreases linearly with lowering temperature within the physiological range. The distal motor latency increased by $0.2msec/^{\circ}C$ drop in temperature between $25^{\circ}C$and $35^{\circ}C$ in the median, ulnar and peroneal nerves. The temperature affect the neuromuscular transmission; The miniature endplate potential (MEPP) and endplate potential (EPP) are increase with increasing temperature. In myasthenia gravis, the reduction in the decremental response is observed following cooling. The lowering temperature make increase the amplitude of sensory compound action potential; make enlarge the surface area of compound muscle action potential with very little increase in amplitude; make diminish the fibrillation potential and increase the myotonia in needle electromyography (EMG). Because of these findings mentioned above, the skin temperature should be routinely monitored and controlled during nerve conduction tests and needle EMG and should be taken into account when interpreting the findings.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES) on the alteration of spinal motor neuron excitability. In this article, I would like to experiment on a standard capacity of clinical electrophysiology, a difference in applying methods and a clinical efficiency of NMES by Nerve conduction velocity. We used normal eight subjects without neuromuscular disease and all subjects participated 3 session, which at least 1 week between session. Participants classified according to each group in Antagonist, Agonist, Antagonist-Agonist by the NMES. The test was measured continuously pre test, post-test, post 20 minute test by EMG including H reflex, F wave, motor nerve conduction velocity(MNCV). The following results were obtained; 1. H-reflex latencies and H/M intervals were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). 2. H-reflex amplitudes and H/M ratios were significantly decreased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). In agonist group, H-reflex amplitudes and H/M ratios were more significantly decreased than antagonist group. 3. F-wave latencies were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). F/M intervals were significantly increased in antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). F wave conduction velocities were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01) but F/M ratios were not significant. 4. MNCV were significantly decreased in agonist(p<.01). These results lead us to the conclusion that agonist and Antagonist-agonist was significantly decreased excitability of spinal motor neuron. Conversely, Antagonist does not decreased. Therefore, A further direction of this study will be to provide more evidence that NMES have an effect on excitability of spinal motor neurons in UMN syndrome.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.2 s.42
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• pp.282-292
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• 1993

Neurotoxicity in the workplace may occur with exposure to scores of chemicals. Although large acute outbreaks of the occupational neurological disease are rare, the incidence of occupational neurotoxicity in its subtler aspects is unknown. A working knowledge of both the major occupational neurotoxic solvents and the tools used by cliniical neurologists and neurotoxicologists to evaluate neurotoxicity in working populations is a necessity fur the occupational physician. To investigate the effects of carbon disulfide($CS_2$) on the peripheral nerve system using the nervous conduction study, 105 male workers working in the spinning room of a viscose rayon factory were examined and compared with a sex and age matched, unexposed 105 male controls using t-test analysis. 72.4% of $CS_2$-exposed workers complained of neurological symptoms, and the abnormal cases in nerve conduction study were 48.6%. The abnormal cases of nerve conduction study increased in number according as the age and duration of exposure increased. In this study, asymptomatic workers were confirmed to have subclinical neuropathy by nerve conduction study. Also as there were abnormal cases even in its duration of exposure below 4 years, nerve conduction study turned out to be ways of discovering of early peripheral neuropathy. In nerve conduction study, the amplitude, velocity, F-wave latency and H-reflex of the motor and sensory nerves in both upper and lower extremities were significant different between $CS_2$-exposed workers and the controls. From the pathological viewpoint, both segmental and axonal degenerations were assumed in this study.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2006

Background: Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) is an entrapment neuropathy of the tibial nerve within fibrous tunnel on the medial side of the ankle. The most common cause of TTS is idiopathic. This is a retrospective study to define the electrophysiological characteristics of idiopathic TTS. Methods: We reviewed the medical and electrophysiological records of consecutive patients with foot sensory symptoms referred to electromyography laboratory. Inclusion of patients was based on clinical findings suggestive of TTS. Among them, patients with any other possible causes of sensory symptoms on the foot were excluded. Control data were obtained from 19 age-matched people with no sensory symptoms or signs. Routine motor and sensory nerve conduction study (NCS) including medial plantar nerve (MPN) using surface electrodes were performed. Result: Twenty one patients (13 women, 8 men, 9 unilateral, 12 bilateral) were enrolled to have idiopathic TTS (total 31 feet). Tinel's sign was positive in 16 feet (51.6%) of TTS and four feet (10.5%) in control group. The statistically significant electrophysiological parameter was difference of sensory conduction velocity (SCV) between sural nerve and MPN. Amplitude of sensory nerve action potential and SCV of MPN were not different significantly between idiopathic TTS feet and controls. Conclusion: Bilateral development in idiopathic TTS was more common. Tinel's sign and difference of SCV between sural nerve and MPN may be helpful for the diagnosis of idiopathic TTS.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.425-432
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of myofascical release (MR) on the degree of pain and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in middle-aged women. Participants were 28 middle-aged women and MR carried out three times (1, 3, 5 day) at intervals of two times. We did survey about changes of pain before the MR and how they changed after the MR. Also measured pressure pain threshold (PPT) and visual analogue scale (VAS) by using the algometer at trapezius muscle. In median nerve, we did motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) test and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) test for measuring incubation period, amplitude and nerve conduction. The most painful time was 18~21 and the most painful part was shoulder. The pain scale, PPT and VAS after the MR had significantly decreased than before the MR. The latency was significantly decreased and the amplitude was significantly increased in the MNCV and the latency was significantly decreased in the SNCV after the MR. Also it was effective in ameliorating pain scale and latency of NCV. Consequently, the MR can be effective in prevent pain scale caused by fatigue in middle-aged women as replacement therapy.